Social Psychology Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does the Good Samaritan Study primarily examine?

  • The likelihood of helping someone in distress (correct)
  • The effect of group pressure on decision-making
  • The influence of personal beliefs on behavior
  • The role of authority in obedience

What is the fundamental attribution error?

  • Evaluating situations based solely on numerical data
  • Assuming external factors are the cause of a behavior
  • Attributing others' actions to their character rather than situational factors (correct)
  • Believing one's own success is due to luck

Which statement best reflects the concept of Gestalt psychology?

  • Understanding behavior requires analyzing environmental context.
  • The whole is better understood than as separate parts. (correct)
  • Human behavior can be broken down into individual components.
  • Behavior is primarily driven by biological instincts.

How do channel factors influence behavior?

<p>They can facilitate or hinder specific actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a 'nudge' in decision-making?

<p>Changing the default option from opt-in to opt-out for organ donation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context is the Australian vs German organ donor study often discussed?

<p>Differences in organ donation rates based on opt-in vs opt-out systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do construals refer to in social psychology?

<p>Different interpretations of the same situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome did Milgram's obedience study demonstrate?

<p>Authority figures can influence individuals to act against their moral beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-presentation primarily concerned with?

<p>How others perceive oneself (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT associated with self-regulation?

<p>Seeking attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture influence an individual's self-esteem?

<p>By shaping personal beliefs about worthiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'face' in self-presentation?

<p>One's dignity or reputation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

<p>Beliefs leading to behaviors that confirm those beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dimensions are primarily used for snap judgments based on faces?

<p>Trustworthiness and dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of seeking confirmatory feedback?

<p>Looking for feedback that aligns with one's self-concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of snap judgments according to research?

<p>They often reflect prejudice and stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general behavior trend was observed in children who were anonymous in groups during the Halloween study?

<p>They engaged in more antisocial behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the opposite of deindividuation?

<p>Self-awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did self-awareness theory predict behavioral changes in the study involving a mirror?

<p>Participants would follow rules more closely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased self-awareness have on behavior according to the content?

<p>Increased self-control and accountability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Halloween study, what were the two main variables that influenced children's behavior?

<p>Anonymity and group identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency of individuals to overestimate how much others notice their behavior?

<p>The spotlight effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding related to group dynamics in the Halloween study?

<p>Children in groups feel less accountable for their actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of using mirrors in the student task study?

<p>To increase self-awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does internal validity measure in a research study?

<p>The confidence that the cause-and-effect relationship is not influenced by external variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

<p>An unmeasured third variable that affects both the supposed cause and effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a replication study?

<p>To confirm the reliability and validity of previous findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does external validity assess in a research study?

<p>The extent to which the study's findings can be applied to other settings or subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines statistical significance in research findings?

<p>The likelihood that the finding is due to chance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

<p>To protect the rights and welfare of human subjects in research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-schema influence social experiences?

<p>By defining how individuals perceive and interpret their actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are included in the working self-concept?

<p>Self-esteem, self-image, and ideal self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the spontaneous self-concept refer to?

<p>Immediate and automatic self-reflection based on accessible aspects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the McGuire and Padawer-Singer (1976) study, how did children's self-descriptions vary?

<p>They emphasized differing aspects based on social context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social comparison theory?

<p>Comparing oneself to others to evaluate abilities and self-worth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes upward social comparison?

<p>It occurs when comparing with those perceived as better or more accomplished. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-esteem primarily reflect?

<p>Confidence and self-worth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the contingencies of self-worth model explain self-esteem?

<p>It states that self-esteem is influenced by specific life domains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates intrinsic self-evaluation?

<p>Genuine personal growth and development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes extrinsic motivation in self-evaluation?

<p>It focuses on external validation and comparison to others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-perception theory suggest about awareness of attitudes?

<p>People become aware of certain attitudes by observing their own behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivistic cultures, individuals are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance when they act contrary to what?

<p>Cultural norms and family expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the overjustification effect?

<p>External rewards diminishing intrinsic motivation for a task. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind System Justification Theory?

<p>To defend and justify existing social systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Terror Management Theory suggests individuals respond to the fear of death by doing what?

<p>Adopting worldviews that provide meaning and worth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common reaction associated with terror management is what?

<p>Denial of death-related thoughts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Terror Management Theory not survive large-scale replication?

<p>Suppression of fear and anxiety is viewed as evolutionarily implausible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-perception theory reconcile with cognitive dissonance theory?

<p>Recognizing dissonance leads to a change in self-awareness and attitudes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Field Experiment

A research method that combines elements of controlled lab experiments with real-world settings.

Internal Validity

The degree to which you can confidently conclude that a cause-and-effect relationship in a study is not influenced by other factors.

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, situations, or individuals.

Confounding Variable

An unmeasured third variable that influences both the presumed cause and effect in a study.

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Null Hypothesis

A statement that there is no relationship or effect between variables.

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Statistical Significance

A statistical result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

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Replication Study

A study that attempts to repeat the methods and results of an earlier study.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee that protects the rights of humans who participate in research studies.

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Self-verification

The act of seeking out and confirming existing beliefs about oneself.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

When your expectations of others lead them to behave in a way that confirms those expectations.

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Self-presentation

The way you present yourself to others based on how you want to be perceived.

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Face

Your dignity, prestige, or reputation in the eyes of others.

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Self-regulation

The ability to manage and control your own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

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Snap judgment

Quick, unconscious judgments made about others based on limited information.

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Inferring causes of behavior

Trying to understand the reasons behind someone's actions.

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Cultural influence on self

How culture shapes your values, norms, and expectations, contributing to your sense of self and self-esteem.

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Spontaneous Self-Concept

The immediate, automatic thoughts about yourself that arise when you're asked to describe who you are.

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Context's Influence on Self-Concept

How our self-concept shifts depending on the social situation we're in.

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McGuire & Padawer-Singer Study

An experiment showing how children's self-descriptions varied when alone vs. with peers.

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Social Comparison Theory

We naturally compare ourselves to others to understand our abilities, opinions, and worth.

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Upward Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves to those we perceive as better or more accomplished.

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Downward Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves to those we perceive as worse or less capable.

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Self-Esteem

A sense of confidence and overall positive evaluation of oneself.

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Contingencies Of Self-Worth Model

This model explains how our self-esteem is tied to specific areas or domains in our lives.

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Social Psychology

The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

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Milgram's Obedience study

An experiment that demonstrated how individuals are surprisingly willing to obey authority figures, even when instructed to perform harmful actions.

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The Good Samaritan Study

This study showed that situational factors, such as being in a hurry, can significantly impact whether people help someone in need.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors (personality traits) and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone's behavior.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of thought emphasizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, suggesting that humans perceive objects as meaningful wholes rather than separate elements.

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Channel Factors

Small situational details or prompts that can facilitate or hinder certain behaviors, making them easier or more accessible.

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Nudge Concept

An intervention that subtly influences behavior by changing the environment without restricting choice, often used to enhance decision-making and align with individual or societal goals.

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Construals

Different individual interpretations or understandings of the world around us, based on our personal experiences, perspectives, and biases.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A study where participants were assigned roles as guards or prisoners in a simulated prison setting. It demonstrated how situational factors can influence behavior, leading to aggression and cruelty.

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Deindividuation

A state where people feel less accountable for their actions because they are part of a group. It can lead to increased antisocial behavior.

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Halloween Study

An experiment examining the impact of anonymity and group identity on children taking candy on Halloween. Children in groups and anonymous were more likely to take more candy.

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Opposite of Deindividuation

Individualization, where people are self-aware, accountable, and more likely to follow social norms.

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Self-Awareness Theory

When people focus on themselves, they compare their current behaviors to their internal standards and values.

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Mirror Study

A study where participants completing a task in front of a mirror showed more self-awareness and better performance.

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Spotlight Effect

The tendency to overestimate how much others notice and pay attention to our behaviors.

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Demonstrating the Spotlight Effect

Experiments can involve asking participants to wear an embarrassing shirt and then estimate how many others noticed. Results show people overestimate attention.

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Self-Affirmation & Dissonance

Self-affirmation reduces dissonance by reminding individuals of their positive qualities, making the inconsistency less threatening to their self-image. This helps maintain a sense of self-worth.

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Culture & Dissonance

Cultures influence dissonance. Individuals from collectivistic cultures may experience more dissonance when their behavior contradicts social harmony, while those from individualistic cultures may feel dissonance when their behavior conflicts with personal values.

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Self-Perception Theory

People infer their attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior. It helps explain how we can develop attitudes through our actions, even if we initially have no strong opinions.

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Overjustification Effect

External rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation. When we are rewarded for something we already enjoy, we may attribute our behavior to the reward, reducing our inherent interest in the activity.

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System Justification Theory

People are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, economic, and political systems. This can lead to accepting and even supporting inequalities, even if they disadvantage some groups.

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Terror Management Theory

Individuals' awareness of their own mortality creates existential anxiety. To cope, people adopt worldviews and beliefs that provide meaning, purpose, and a sense of immortality, lessening the threat of death.

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Symbolic Immortality

People achieve a sense of symbolic immortality by leaving a legacy or contributing to something larger than themselves, extending their influence beyond their physical death.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology Study Notes

  • Social psychology studies how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.
  • Key concepts in social psychology include: attitudes, social cognition, social influence, and group processes.
  • Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond consistently to certain stimuli. These are often measured using scales.
  • Social cognition involves understanding how people process social information.
  • This includes schemas (cognitive frameworks) and heuristics (mental shortcuts).
  • Social influence explains how people try to change each other's thoughts and behaviors, including conformity, compliance, and obedience.
  • Group processes include group polarization, deindividuation, and groupthink.
  • Group polarization is when groups make more extreme decisions than individuals. Deindividuation is losing personal identity in a group. Groupthink is when group members want to seek harmony and consensus, discouraging minority opinions.
  • Social exchange theory describes how relationships are built on rewards and costs.
  • Equity theory examines if the resources and contributions of people in a relationship are fair.
  • Investment theory explores the factors that influence relationships beyond rewards and costs. These factors include the resources committed to a relationship.
  • Other vital topics that are relevant is:
  • The self serving bias (attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors).
  • Stereotype threat (fear of confirming a negative stereotype).
  • Implicit attitudes (unconscious attitudes and feelings toward specific people, groups, or ideas).
  • Emotional influences on behavior.
  • Different cultures affect how people view others and how they relate with each other.
  • Prejudice and discrimination based on social identity theory, realistic conflict theory and stereotypes.
  • Cultural norms shape behavior and values. Emotional expressions also vary across cultures.
  • Social psychology has extensive use of research methods like experiments, correlational studies, and observational studies.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of social psychology, including attitudes, social cognition, social influence, and group processes. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how individuals are affected by their social environments and interactions with others.

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