Psychology Chapter: Social Influence and Group Processes
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Questions and Answers

What role does security play in group dynamics?

  • It encourages competition between groups.
  • It creates isolation among individuals.
  • It leads to a lack of social interaction.
  • It reduces feelings of insecurity. (correct)

How can status within a group affect individual self-perception?

  • It enhances feelings of recognition and power. (correct)
  • It leads to disinterest in group activities.
  • It creates jealousy among group members.
  • It diminishes feelings of self-worth.

Which of the following factors contributes to people's preference for similar others?

  • Diverse backgrounds.
  • Desire for uniqueness.
  • Social consistency. (correct)
  • Inconsistency in interests.

What is a significant trait of repeated interactions among individuals?

<p>They allow assessment of similarities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What explains why people feel proud when part of a winning group?

<p>It fosters a sense of superiority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial feelings might individuals experience when meeting potential new group members?

<p>Excitement and apprehensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT commonly associated with group membership?

<p>Greater dependence on outsiders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for people’s tendency to join groups?

<p>To gain a sense of belonging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates a team from a group?

<p>Teams have a common goal and are mutually accountable for their success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the behavior of individuals in a crowd?

<p>Behavior in a crowd is often irrational and unstructured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do norms function within a group?

<p>Norms define acceptable behaviors and interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a team as opposed to a group?

<p>Teams exhibit positive synergy through collaboration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility do members have in a team environment?

<p>Members share accountability for the overall success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates a group rather than a team?

<p>An audience watching a concert without interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do members of a group primarily contribute to its performance?

<p>Individual contributions are the main basis for performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of team interactions?

<p>Interactions are based on a structured set of roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary implications of groupthink according to Irving Janis?

<p>It can lead to irrational and uncritical decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does strong cohesion have on a group's decision-making process?

<p>It may obscure rational appraisal of options. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of group structure develops as members interact over time?

<p>The roles and responsibilities within the group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are norms in the context of group dynamics?

<p>Expected standards of behavior established by the group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the phenomenon of groupthink affect an individual member's expression of dissent?

<p>Members hesitate to share opposing views to maintain cohesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a family setting, what is a common expectation of children regarding norms?

<p>Respect and listen to elders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the outcome of a group with high levels of groupthink?

<p>It often leads to out-of-touch decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During group formation, how does interaction among members influence task distribution?

<p>It establishes regularities in how tasks are assigned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a group as opposed to a mere collection of individuals?

<p>Mutual interdependence and roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason people join groups?

<p>To fulfill psychological and social needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon may occur in cohesive groups that can hinder decision-making?

<p>Groupthink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of group formation, which factor does NOT facilitate the creation of groups?

<p>Diversity of opinions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes social loafing?

<p>Reduced effort by individuals in group settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ingroups and outgroups?

<p>Ingroups are associated with positive identity and loyalty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of group mentioned?

<p>Project-based groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can social loafing in groups be effectively reduced?

<p>By assigning individual responsibilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are likely to lead to groupthink?

<p>Isolation from outside opinions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event exemplifies the phenomenon of groupthink?

<p>The Vietnam War escalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the decisions made during the Vietnam War escalation?

<p>The loss of over a million Vietnamese lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suggested method to prevent groupthink?

<p>Avoiding outside consultations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is status in the context of group dynamics?

<p>The relative social position of group members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of group is characterized by shared norms for a long duration?

<p>Religious group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Achieved status in a group is typically based on which criteria?

<p>Expertise and hard work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of group is often considered formal and organized?

<p>Army units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals called?

<p>Group polarisation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect is described when individuals feel validated in their views by finding others who share the same opinion?

<p>Bandwagon effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group discussion affect an individual's initial stance on a controversial issue?

<p>It can strengthen it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential result of group polarisation in decision-making?

<p>Extreme decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a group identifies individuals with similar views as part of an ingroup, what psychological process is primarily at play?

<p>Group identity formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from groups having discussions about capital punishment?

<p>A shift towards stronger positions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential danger of group polarisation?

<p>Supporting extreme viewpoints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of group polarisation?

<p>Group members agreeing to a punitive decision based on a serious unethical act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Group

A gathering of individuals who interact with each other either directly or indirectly.

Crowd

A collection of people who are present at a place by chance, with no interaction or shared purpose.

Structured Group

A collection of individuals whose interactions are structured by roles, norms and a shared purpose.

Norms

Behaviours expected from group members.

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Team

A special type of group where members have complementary skills, are committed to a shared goal, and are mutually accountable.

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Teamwork Synergy

Positive synergy achieved through coordinated efforts of team members.

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Group Responsibility

The leader or the person heading the group holds responsibility for the work.

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Team Responsibility

Each member holds themselves accountable for the work, even though there might be a leader.

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Primary group

A type of group where interaction among members is direct and close, often having a strong emotional bond.

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Secondary group

A group where interaction among members is less personal and usually based on a specific purpose or goal.

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Formal group

A group with established rules, procedures, roles, and hierarchies.

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Informal group

A group that lacks formal structure and operates based on informal interactions.

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Outgroup

The group you don't belong to and may even feel a sense of competition or rivalry with.

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Status

The relative social standing or position a member holds within a group.

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Groupthink

A situation where a group prioritizes harmony and conformity over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.

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Security in Groups

The feeling of safety and security that comes from being part of a group, reducing vulnerability and offering comfort.

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Status in Groups

The sense of importance and recognition gained from belonging to a group that is perceived as valuable by others. It can lead to feelings of power and self-worth.

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Self-Esteem in Groups

Groups contribute to our sense of self-esteem and identity by providing a positive social environment and a feeling of belonging.

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Similarity in Groups

The tendency to prefer people who share similar interests, attitudes, and backgrounds, leading to a sense of consistency and mutual understanding.

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Group Formation: Getting to Know Each Other

The process of getting to know group members, understanding their roles, and clarifying the shared goals and objectives. This stage involves both anticipation and uncertainty.

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Group Formation: Excitement and Apprehensions

The initial excitement and apprehensions experienced when joining a group. It involves assessing one's fit with the group and the potential benefits and challenges.

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Group Structure

The regular patterns that emerge from group interactions, such as the way tasks are distributed, responsibilities are assigned, and the relative status of members.

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Norms in Groups

Expected standards of behavior and beliefs that are established, agreed upon, and enforced by group members.

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Group Formation Stages

The process of a group moving through stages of development, potentially going back and forth or skipping steps.

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Groupthink: Pressure to Conform

The tendency for group members to avoid expressing dissenting opinions to maintain group harmony, even if they disagree.

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Groupthink: Illusion of Invulnerability

Groups with groupthink often have an exaggerated sense of their own power and ignore potential dangers.

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Groupthink: Loss of Contact with Reality

Groupthink can lead groups to become detached from reality as they focus on internal harmony.

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Groupthink: Apparent Consensus

Groupthink is characterized by a perceived consensus, where each member believes everyone agrees, even if they don't.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for group members to become more extreme in their opinions after group discussion, often moving further in the direction of their initial beliefs.

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Group Cohesiveness

The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.

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Group Norms

The shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that are expected of group members.

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Group Formation

The process of forming a group, including stages of getting to know each other, developing trust and interdependence, and establishing norms and roles.

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Social Influence

The influence that group members have on each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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Social Loafing

When individual effort decreases in a group setting, as people feel less accountable for the outcome.

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Group Status

The different positions or ranks that individuals hold within a group, influencing their power and influence.

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Strengthening Initial Position

When a group's initial position on an issue gets strengthened through discussion and interaction. This can lead to more extreme stances, even if they were initially moderate.

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Bandwagon Effect

The feeling that your viewpoint is validated when you discover others share it, often leading to increased support for that viewpoint. This can contribute to group polarization.

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Ingroup Identification

The tendency to perceive people who share your opinions as part of your 'ingroup,' leading to identification and conformity with their views, further strengthening those views.

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Dangerous Repercussions

As a group's position becomes stronger through interaction and discussion, it can lead to more extreme decisions, potentially having negative consequences.

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Group Dynamics

A process where group members discuss an issue, and their initial views, whether moderate or extreme, become even more exaggerated through the interaction.

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Assessing Polarization

A method of assessing group polarization by dividing a class into groups with differing opinions on an issue and observing how their views shift during discussion.

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Attitude Scale

A short scale used to measure individuals' attitudes towards a specific topic, for example, capital punishment. The scale helps researchers understand the pre-discussion opinions within a group.

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Study Notes

Social Influence and Group Processes

  • Understanding groups, group formation, and the impact of groups on individual behavior is the focus of this chapter.
  • Groups provide support, comfort, and facilitate development.
  • Groups are different from other collections of people; groups show interdependence, roles, and expectations among members.
  • Characteristics of groups include social units, common motives/goals, and interdependence.
  • Teams are a special kind of group, where members have complementary skills and a shared goal.
  • Teams' performance depends on a combination of individual & teamwork contributions.
  • Group formation involves initial interactions, conflict resolution, norm establishment, and performance.
  • Group members initially feel uncertain about their roles and the group's goal/how to achieve it.
  • Group formation has 5 stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
  • Groups form for reasons such as protection, security, achieving status, satisfying psychological needs and for goal achievement.
  • Social facilitation shows that groups increase arousal and performance depending on the task/individual performance.
  • Social Loafing illustrates that individuals may exert less effort in groups because of shared responsibility or lack of individual evaluation.
  • Group polarisation describes the tendency for groups to take more extreme stances, strengthened by agreement and conformity within the group.
  • Groupthink is a negative result of group cohesion where unanimity is prioritized over critical assessment and rational analysis, leading to potentially bad decisions.

Types of Groups

  • Primary and Secondary groups differ in their formation (pre-existing vs. chosen).
  • Primary groups involve close relationships, whereas secondary relationships are less personal and often more formal.
  • Formal and Informal groups are different based on structure.
  • Formal groups adhere to rules and have defined roles. Informal groups lack rigid structure and are based on mutual interaction & relationship.
  • Ingroups and Outgroups represent the different groups a person belongs to or compares themselves with.
  • Individuals often categorise themselves into ingroups and outgroups and feel more favourably towards their ingroup members, with negative perception of outgroup members.

Group Formation

  • Factors like proximity, similarity, common motives, and goals influence group formation.
  • Group formation is influenced by interpersonal attraction, shared interests, and mutual goals.

Influence of Groups on Individuals

  • Groups affect individual behavior by influencing motives and goals, changing attitudes and increasing confidence.
  • Individuals are influenced by group members, or feel the need to conform to maintain harmony and to avoid conflict.

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Description

This quiz explores the dynamics of group formation and the effects of social influence on individual behavior. Discover the stages of group development, the roles within a group, and how teamwork contributes to overall performance. Understand the unique characteristics that differentiate groups from mere collections of individuals.

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