Social Psychology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does self-serving bias refer to in social psychology?

  • Attributing successes to external factors
  • Attributing successes to internal factors (correct)
  • Attributing behaviors to group dynamics
  • Attributing failures to personal shortcomings

What is the fundamental attribution error?

  • Evaluating one’s abilities based on in-group performance
  • Attributing others' behavior to their personality traits (correct)
  • Blaming the situation for one’s own failures
  • Overestimating external factors in one’s own achievements

How does group-serving bias manifest in social contexts?

  • By fairly judging all groups regardless of performance
  • By maintaining a positive outlook on one's in-group despite evidence to the contrary (correct)
  • By evenly distributing resources among all groups
  • By downplaying positive experiences of out-group members

What psychological phenomenon occurs when individuals judge themselves against their peers?

<p>Social comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique describes increasing compliance to a large request by first making a smaller request?

<p>Foot-in-the-door technique (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotyping in the context of social psychology?

<p>Assuming specific traits apply to entire groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences a person's choice to comply with a request when the individual feels a sense of scarcity?

<p>Perceived value increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cognitive dissonance?

<p>Inconsistency between behavior and beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present?

<p>Bystander Effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the concept of actively caring for people?

<p>Financial stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Big 5 personality trait is associated with being organized and responsible?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interview is more predictive of job success?

<p>Structured Interviews (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leader focuses on managing behavior rather than inspiring motivation?

<p>Transactional Leader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)?

<p>AC4P behavior in the workplace (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant bias that can affect performance appraisals?

<p>Recency Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about SMART goals is correct?

<p>They must be Specific, Motivational, Achievable, Relevant, Trackable, and Shared. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key perceptions that drive self-motivation?

<p>Choice, Competence, Community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of empowerment?

<p>External Validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what does self-transcendence involve?

<p>Contributing to others' fulfillment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the STEP process focuses on expressing gratitude for acts of kindness?

<p>Thank (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of feedforward encourages others to engage in acts of kindness?

<p>Principle of Reciprocity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transactional leadership?

<p>Structure, rewards, and task completion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)?

<p>Voluntary behaviors that enhance workplace effectiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of transformational leadership?

<p>Inspiring beyond expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do leaders demonstrate humility in their roles?

<p>By admitting their mistakes and seeking feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the Platinum Rule in leadership?

<p>Treat others as they expect to be treated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of aligning an individual's strengths with their work role?

<p>Increased productivity and job satisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor improves organizational effectiveness according to the concept of OCB?

<p>Acts of helping coworkers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'halo effect' in performance appraisals?

<p>Influence of first impressions on subsequent ratings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are SMART goals characterized by?

<p>Goals that are challenging and achievable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors reflects emotional intelligence in leaders?

<p>Recognizing and managing one's and others' emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personnel psychology, which factor is NOT part of the Big Five personality traits?

<p>Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'flow' in a work context?

<p>Deep immersion and control during tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of 360-degree feedback in workplaces?

<p>To provide comprehensive evaluations from multiple sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does job satisfaction primarily lead to?

<p>Improved productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of interview is better at predicting job performance?

<p>Structured interviews with predefined questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a Brother’s/Sister’s Keeper culture?

<p>Promotes personal accountability for others’ safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a more effective method for improving behavior according to Humanistic Behaviorism?

<p>Apply immediate and frequent positive rewards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, what is vicarious reinforcement?

<p>Learning by seeing others rewarded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the COACH & ABC model focus on regarding feedback?

<p>Analyzing behavior based on activators and consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches is NOT recommended for delivering supportive feedback?

<p>Provide feedback at an unspecified later time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to reduce counter control according to the content?

<p>Using negative consequences excessively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of empathic AC4P listening?

<p>Rephrasing the speaker's message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely a characteristic of a failure avoider in a learning environment?

<p>Focuses on preventing failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fundamental Attribution Error

Attributing someone's behavior to their personality traits rather than the situation they are in.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors (like talent) and our failures to external factors (like bad luck).

In-Group Favoritism

Favoritism towards members of our own group, often at the expense of other groups. We perceive our group as superior and allocate more resources to them.

Group-Serving Bias

Maintaining a positive view of our group even when faced with evidence that contradicts that view.

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Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves to others to evaluate our own abilities, opinions, and behaviors.

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Discrimination

A negative action or behavior based on a stereotype.

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Conformity

The tendency to conform to the behaviors and opinions of others.

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Cognitive Dissonance

A state of discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

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Bystander Effect

The decreased likelihood of helping in emergencies when others are present.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

The belief that others will intervene in an emergency, reducing personal responsibility.

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Factors influencing Actively Caring

Confidence in one's ability to help, feeling empowered, positive self-evaluation, connection to others, and expectation of positive outcomes.

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Flow Experience

A state of complete absorption in an activity, characterized by intrinsic motivation and a sense of flow.

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Personnel Psychology

Focuses on selecting the best employees for a specific job role.

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Organizational Psychology

Focuses on creating a productive and positive work environment.

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Structured Interview

A structured interview uses the same job-relevant questions for all applicants.

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Employee Empowerment

Focuses on motivating and empowering employees to perform at their best.

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Flow

A state of deep immersion and engagement in an activity, characterized by focused attention and a sense of control. It occurs when challenges match one's skills.

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Intrinsic Rewards

The feeling of satisfaction derived from the activity itself. It includes enjoyment, mastery, and accomplishment.

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Knowledge-Based Work

A job role that requires cognitive tasks such as analysis, problem-solving, and decision-making. They are becoming increasingly important in modern workplaces.

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Openness (in the Big 5 Model)

A personality trait that describes a person's level of openness to new experiences, imagination, and creativity. High openness means being curious, adventurous, and willing to try new things.

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Conscientiousness (in the Big 5 Model)

A personality trait that reflects a person's level of organization, conscientiousness, and dependability. Highly conscientious people are reliable, hardworking, and focused on achieving goals.

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360-Degree Feedback

A comprehensive evaluation of an employee's performance from multiple sources, including peers, subordinates, and supervisors.

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Burnout

A state of chronic stress that leads to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (treating others impersonally), and reduced efficacy (feeling ineffective).

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SMART Goals

A method of setting goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Trackable. This helps to improve motivation and focus by providing a clear path and progress indicators.

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Self-Efficacy

Feelings of self-worth and competence.

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Response-Efficacy

Being driven by the belief that your actions will create a desired outcome.

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Outcome Expectancy

The belief that the effort you put in is worth the rewards you'll get.

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Self-Transcendence

Belief that you can contribute to something bigger than yourself, helping others find meaning and fulfillment.

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STEP Process

A process that encourages recognizing and reinforcing caring behaviors. It involves observing acts of kindness, expressing gratitude, sharing recognition, and encouraging others to continue the process.

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Transactional Leadership

Leaders who are focused on setting clear goals, establishing structures, and using rewards to motivate employees.

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Transformational Leadership

Leaders who inspire and motivate their team to achieve more than expected by setting a clear vision, encouraging personal development, and fostering creativity.

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Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

Behaviors that go beyond the expected duties of a job, contributing to a positive work environment and organizational effectiveness. Examples include helping colleagues, promoting a positive culture, and going the extra mile.

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Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others. It involves being self-aware, empathetic, and skilled at building relationships.

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Human Factors Engineering

The practice of designing tools, machines, and work environments to optimize safety, comfort, and performance. It considers human capabilities and limitations.

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Synergy

The ability of a team or organization to achieve more together than the sum of individual contributions. It's fostered by diversity, empathy, and teamwork.

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Inspiring Self-Accountability

Inspiring others to take ownership of their work and be accountable for their actions, going beyond just complying with instructions.

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Psychological Safety

The ability to feel safe and comfortable expressing ideas, taking risks, and learning from mistakes within an organization. It fosters innovation and creativity.

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Positive Consequences for Behavior Change

The idea that positive consequences are more effective at changing behavior than negative ones, and rewards are most impactful when given immediately, frequently, and based on specific behaviors.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning by observing others being rewarded for their actions, which encourages us to repeat those actions.

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Vicarious Punishment

Learning by observing others being punished for their actions, which discourages us from repeating those actions.

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Feedforward: Guidance Before the Action

Provides guidance or direction before an action is performed, focusing on potential outcomes and desired behavior. It's like giving a roadmap for success.

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Feedback: Reflecting on Past Behavior

Provides information on past behavior, helping individuals understand their performance and identify areas for improvement.

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Delivering Supportive Feedback

A supportive method of giving feedback that's delivered personally, on time, specific, and appropriate. It's about encouraging growth and recognition.

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Empathic AC4P Listening

Empathic listening that focuses on actively understanding another person's perspective and emotions. It involves repeating, rephrasing, ratifying, and reflecting their thoughts.

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Embracing Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, fostering empathy and connection in interactions.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology Key Takeaways

  • Fundamental attribution error: Attributing others' behavior to personality rather than situational factors.
  • Self-serving bias: Attributing failures to external factors and successes to internal factors.
  • In-group favoritism: Perceiving one's group as superior to others and allocating resources accordingly.
  • Group-serving bias: Maintaining a positive view of one's group despite contradictory evidence.
  • Social comparison: Evaluating oneself in relation to others.
  • Physical proximity: Increased likelihood of forming relationships with those physically close.
  • Stereotyping: Attributing general characteristics to an entire group.
  • Prejudice: Forming opinions based on stereotypes.
  • Discrimination: Negative actions stemming from prejudice.
  • Attitude (ABC): Influencing affect, behavior, and cognition.
  • Attitude/value and self-persuasion: Behavior without external consequences reflects personal values.
  • Perceived choice: Enhances self-persuasion more when working towards success than avoidance.
  • Consistent thinking/acting: Acting consistently, and thinking consistently
  • Foot-in-the-door technique: Honoring a small request increases compliance with a larger one.
  • Cognitive dissonance: Perceiving inconsistency between behavior and attitude/belief, which creates tension.
  • Door-in-the-face technique: Retreating from a large request to increase compliance to a smaller request.
  • Reciprocity principle: Inspiring pay-it-forward behavior—returning favors.
  • Conformity: Conforming more than admitted
  • Descriptive norms: Conformity based on observed behaviors.
  • Injunctive norms: Conformity based on socially approved behaviors.
  • Authority influence: Blindly following authority, but not always undesirable.
  • Top-down authority: Influence counteracting psychological resistance.
  • Scarcity: Increased value due to limited availability.
  • Social loafing: Reduced effort when individual contributions are unidentifiable.
  • Social facilitation/inhibition: Enhanced/hindered performance due to presence of others.
  • Groupthink: Suppressing dissenting opinion.
  • Polarization: Increasing of dominant viewpoint
  • Deindividuation: Reduced individual identity in groups leading to impulsive behavior.
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Frustration can lead to aggression.
  • Bystander effect: Decreased likelihood of helping in an emergency presence of others.
  • Diffusion of responsibility: Belief others will act, leading to non-intervention.
  • Altruism: Helping others.
  • Self-efficacy: Confidence in personal ability to help.
  • Personal control: Feeling empowered to help others.
  • Self-esteem: Positive self-evaluation.
  • Belongingness: Connection to others.
  • Optimism: Expectation of positive outcomes.

Cognitive Dissonance

  • Inconsistency between behavior and attitude leads to tension.
  • People change their behavior or attitudes to reduce tension.

Social Cognition and Attribution

  • Fundamental Attribution Error: Attributing others' behavior to internal factors (personality).
  • Self-Serving Bias: Attributing personal success to internal factors, and failures to external ones.
  • In-Group Bias & Favoritism: Favoring one's own group.
  • Group-Serving Bias: Maintaining a positive view of one's own group.
  • Social Comparison: Evaluating oneself in relation to others.

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

  • Stereotypes: Generalizations about groups.
  • Prejudice: Preconceived opinions based on stereotypes.
  • Discrimination: Negative actions stemming from prejudice.

Attribution and Attitude (ABC)

  • Affective: Feelings/emotions toward an object
  • Behavioral: Intentions to act in certain ways
  • Cognitive: Beliefs and thoughts toward an object

Personnel Psychology Industrial

  • Matching individual strengths with work goals.
  • The Big 5-personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)

Organizational Psychology

  • Job Satisfaction
  • Burnout.
  • Gallup Workplace Questionnaire.
  • Smart Goals.
  • Transactional vs Transformational Leadership

Chapter 15: Leadership

  • Discrimination (good = bad)
  • Synergy through diversity and empathy.
  • Platinum Rule. Leaders show humility by admitting mistakes, and asking for feedback.
  • Five conversation types.
  • Tight vs Loose cultures.
  • Leader promotes psychological safety

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PSYC Exam 4 PDF - Social Psychology & Psychology at Work

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in social psychology with this quiz. Explore topics such as self-serving bias, fundamental attribution error, and cognitive dissonance. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding human behavior!

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