Social Psychology Chapter 12

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of behavior-based safety in the workplace?

To apply behavioral observation and feedback to prevent injuries.

How should leaders support employee involvement in occupational safety?

By encouraging all employees to report hazards, close calls, and minor injuries.

What does the term 'injury analysis' imply in workplace safety?

It involves a thorough examination of injuries rather than labeling events as accidents.

In what way do leaders promote synergy within a team?

By fostering big-picture thinking and recognizing each person's unique contributions. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the five competencies of emotional intelligence?

Empathy, which involves sensing people's feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the four-step process for large-scale behavior change?

Selection, which involves identifying the specific problem. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of green spaces affect individual well-being?

Living near green spaces positively impacts mood and social relations. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'psychological safety' entail for employees in an organization?

Feeling included, encouraged to learn, and able to challenge the status quo. Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'humility' play in effective leadership?

Leaders show humility by admitting mistakes and soliciting feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of targeting organizations in environmental behavior initiatives?

Organizations can often enact broader changes impacting more individuals than households alone. Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'DO IT' represent in behavior change?

Define, Observe, Intervene, and Test. Signup and view all the answers

What type of norms can help influence environmentally responsible behavior?

Descriptive norms show what the public does, while injunctive norms illustrate what the public should do. Signup and view all the answers

How can leaders promote a learning culture in their organizations?

By encouraging open dialogue and accepting responsibility for failures. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a 'win/loss' mindset in cultural contexts?

It often leads to competition over cooperation and can influence team dynamics negatively. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

It is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to their personality and internal factors, rather than considering external circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

How do self-serving biases influence our interpretation of successes and failures?

Self-serving biases lead us to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does group-serving bias refer to?

Group-serving bias is the tendency to maintain a positive evaluation of our in-group despite contradictory evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of self-persuasion.

Self-persuasion occurs when individuals convince themselves to adopt a certain behavior or belief, typically influenced by their perceived choice. Signup and view all the answers

What role does reciprocity play in social influence?

Reciprocity involves returning favors and increases compliance after an initial request is met with a concession. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the principle of conformity.

Conformity is the tendency to act in accordance with group norms or the behavior of others, especially in uncertain situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is an inconsistency between an individual's behavior and their beliefs or attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

How can the perception of scarcity influence behavior?

The perception of scarcity increases the perceived value of an item, motivating individuals to act quickly to secure it. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'foot in the door' technique?

The 'foot in the door' technique involves making a small request that is likely to be granted, followed by a larger request. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'social loafing'.

Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'Big Five' personality traits?

The Big Five personality traits are conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability, openness, and extroversion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of structured interviews in hiring?

Structured interviews use the same job-relevant questions for all candidates, improving the predictive validity of hiring decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'organizational citizenship behavior'.

Organizational citizenship behavior refers to voluntary actions that contribute positively to the workplace environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividualization and how does it affect behavior?

Deindividualization occurs when individuals lose self-awareness in groups, leading to behaviors that they might not exhibit alone. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Cognition and Attribution:
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Attributing others' actions to internal personality traits.
- Self-Serving Bias: Attributing personal failures to external factors and successes to internal factors.
- In-Group Bias: Favoring one's own group (e.g., supporting VT over UVA).
- Group-Serving Bias: Maintaining a positive view of one's in-group despite evidence to the contrary.
- Social Comparison: Evaluating oneself relative to others.
- Proximity and Similarity: Attraction to those similar in demographics and attitudes; physical closeness fosters relationships.
- Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Assigning general characteristics to groups, biased opinions based on stereotypes, and negative actions resulting from stereotypes.
Attribution and Attitude:
- ABC Model: Attitudes influence affect (emotion), behavior, and cognition.
- Self-Persuasion: Behavior chosen without external pressure reflects attitudes and self-persuasion. Perceived choice enhances self-persuasion, particularly when striving for success.
- Peripheral vs. Central Routes: Persuasion influenced by subtle cues (peripheral) or strong arguments (central).
- External vs. Internal Control: The extent of external control affects self-persuasion.

Consistency: Resisting change, actions influencing thoughts and vice versa.
Reciprocity: Returning favors, increased compliance after concessions.
Ingratiation: Attraction to similarities, people who praise/cooperate.
Conformity: Following similar/credible others, especially in unfamiliar situations.
Authority: Blindly following authority figures, those considered credible.
Scarcity: Value rare opportunities, valuing aspects that seem scarce.
Novelty: Attraction to unique and unusual things.
Descriptive vs. Injunctive Norms Descriptive norms reflect what people do. Injunctive norms reflect what people should do.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology (Chapter 14)

Personnel/Industrial Psychology: Employee selection.
Organizational Psychology: Cultivating a productive work environment.
Big 5 Personality Traits: Tightness (conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability) vs. looseness (openness, extraversion).
Interviews: Structured interviews predict job success better than unstructured interviews.
Performance Appraisals: Vulnerable to biases (halo, leniency, recency, etc.).
360-Degree Feedback: Effective but not always efficient.
Empowerment: Influenced by self-efficacy, response efficacy, outcome expectancy.
SMART Goals: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound, and shared.
Leadership Styles: Transactional (managing behavior) vs. transformational (inspiring motivation).
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB): Positive behaviors in the workplace.
Human Factors Psychology: Improving machines and appliances.

Management and Leadership (Chapters 14 & 15)

Leadership vs. Management: Leaders coach, capitalize on individual strengths, promote synergy, and show humility.
Emotional Intelligence (EQ): Self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills.
Five Types of Conversation: Progress from the past to future: relationships, possibility, action, opportunity, and follow-up.
Psychological Safety: Four levels: inclusion, learner, contributor, challenger.
Cultivating Psychological Safety: Manifest humility, project success beyond self, take responsibility, promote learning, avoid failure-avoidance.
Tight vs. Loose Cultures: Tight cultures emphasize stability (conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability), while loose cultures emphasize plasticity (extraversion and openness).
Win/Loss Mentality: Individualistic cultures favor a win/loss mentality more than collectivist cultures.
Systems Thinking: Benefits creativity, productivity, problem-solving, mental health, and subjective well-being.

Environmental Psychology and Sustainability (Chapters 16 & 17)

Environmental Psychology: Conservation Psychology (sustainability).
Environmental Issues: Addressing large-scale problems, timely issues, environmental risks, and environmentally responsible behaviors.
Behavior Change: Four steps: selection, intervention, evaluation, dissemination. Focus on large-scale behavior changes. Target organizations instead of individuals, using the "DO IT" method (define, observe, intervene, test).
Dissemination Strategies: Target the target audience through professional conferences and media.
Environmental Responsible Behavior (ERB): Technology choice, behavioral choice, nudges, prompts, incentives, feedback.
Environmental Attitudes: Nature vs nurture, environmental risk perceptions (e.g., temporal discounting).
Environment and Health: Negative effects (e.g., natural disasters), positive effects (e.g., green spaces), impact on mood and social relations.
Effective Environmental Messaging: Self-efficacy vs. defensive justification. Empathy and Platinum Rule, identity, emotion.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the intricacies of social cognition and attribution in this quiz focused on Chapter 12 of Social Psychology. Dive into concepts like the Fundamental Attribution Error, Self-Serving Bias, and stereotype dynamics. Test your understanding of how these psychological principles shape human interaction and perception.