Social Cognition Overview
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Questions and Answers

In which situation is attitude change likely to be long-lasting?

  • High motivation and involvement with high-quality arguments (correct)
  • Low motivation and superficial processing
  • Emotions disregarded
  • Lack of credible sender

    • The attractiveness of the sender has no impact on attitude change.

    False

    What is the term that refers to the likelihood that a person will think deeply about a message?

    Elaboration likelihood

    People with _____ self-esteem are more susceptible to influence.

    <p>average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their influence on attitude change:

    <p>Credibility = Trustworthiness of the sender Negative emotions = Fear-based persuasion Good mood effect = Increased susceptibility when happy Age = Younger individuals are easier to persuade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is generally less likely to change their attitude?

    <p>Middle-aged adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with a high need for closure are likely to be more open-minded.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional appeal is often used to persuade individuals?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Attributing others' successes to external factors and their failures to internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People generally attribute their own successes to external factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attribution focuses on the person's characteristics to explain behavior?

    <p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The covariation principle helps explain behavior by examining ______, ______, and ______.

    <p>distinctiveness, consistency, consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an attitude?

    <p>A general disposition towards a specific object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of attribution with its description:

    <p>Personal attribution = Cause found within the person's characteristics Stimulus attribution = Cause found in the stimulus or object of focus Situational attribution = Cause found in the surrounding environment Internal attribution = Attribution tied to personal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attitudes can only be innate and are never learned.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological concept describes the transfer of a positive or negative evaluation from one stimulus to another?

    <p>Evaluative conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operant conditioning refer to?

    <p>Behavior change due to a relationship between behavior and its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mere exposure effect suggests that increased exposure to a stimulus leads to a negative attitude towards it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of thinking described by Daniel Kahneman.

    <p>System 1 and System 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social comparison theory, we often compare ourselves with others in terms of ______ and ______.

    <p>behavior, attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of persuasion involves deeper processing of information?

    <p>Central route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of social comparison with their descriptions:

    <p>Upward comparison = Comparing ourselves to those slightly better than us Downward comparison = Comparing ourselves to those worse off than us Similarity tendency = Comparing ourselves to people similar to us Social criterion = Using others' views to evaluate our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social learning theory emphasizes that behavior is mainly learned through direct reinforcement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key effect of the upward comparison tendency?

    <p>It can lead to a desire for self-improvement but may also result in a negative self-image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that influence behavioral intentions in the theory of planned behavior?

    <p>Behavioral consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is harmony between attitudes and behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the theorists associated with the theory of planned behavior?

    <p>Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of seeking cognitive balance when facing cognitive dissonance is referred to as ______.

    <p>cognitive consonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Attitudes = Evaluative orientation toward a subject Subjective norms = Social pressure regarding a behavior Perceived behavioral control = Belief in one's ability to perform a behavior Cognitive dissonance = Conflict between attitudes and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a person do to resolve cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Change their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective exposure refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy and how does it relate to perceived behavioral control?

    <p>Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific situation; it influences perceived behavioral control over a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of cognitive dissonance reduction related to choices?

    <p>Minimizing the importance of conflicting information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive dissonance can occur after someone has made a choice, leading them to value the chosen option more.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive dissonance often lead individuals to adjust?

    <p>Their attitudes or beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive dissonance, people often modify their beliefs to align with their _____ or efforts.

    <p>behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples with their related cognitive dissonance concepts:

    <p>Minimizing conflicting information = Eating less meat than others Attitude adjustment = Legislation for humane treatment Perception of effort = Taylor Swift concert Application in advertising = Messi drinking Pepsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes the effect of dissonance reduction on effort?

    <p>Higher effort increases the importance of the activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using an authoritative tone is an effective way to change someone's attitude.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of cognitive dissonance in advertising as discussed?

    <p>Messi drinking Pepsi despite its unhealthy image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Cognition

    • Study of mental processes influencing social behavior
    • Cognitive psychology: scientific study of mental functions (attention, memory, consciousness, language, and control of actions)
    • Covariance model of attributions (Fritz Heider):
      • Causal attributions: thought processes humans use to find reasons for observed behavior.
      • Internal attribution: cause of behavior attributed to person's characteristics.
      • External attribution: cause of behavior attributed to environmental factors or situations.
      • Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underestimate external factors in attributing others' actions.
      • Covariation principle: if a behavior occurs when a factor is present and not when it is absent, the behavior is explained by that factor.
        • Factors to consider: distinctiveness (does the person behave this way in other situations?), consistency (does the person behave this way in similar situations over time?), and consensus (do other people behave this way in this situation?).
        • Person attribution: behavior cause explained by person
        • Stimulus attribution: behavior cause linked to objects or events
        • Situation attribution: behavior cause associated with a situation

    Attitudes

    • Attitude: general disposition toward an object, person, or idea.
      • Influencing factors: both innate and learned.
      • Influence both external and internal behavior.
    • Evaluative conditioning: positive or negative stimulus is associated with a neutral one, transferring the positive or negative to the neutral stimulus.
    • Operant conditioning: behavioral changes occur by associating acts with positive or negative outcomes.
    • Social learning theory (Bandura): Learning by observing models and imitating their behavior and attitudes.
    • Social comparison theory (Festinger): comparing oneself to others to judge one's behavior and appropriateness.
    • Social norms: standards of a social group that influence behavior.

    Attitude Change Strategies

    • System 1 thinking: quick, automatic judgments.
    • System 2 thinking: slow, deliberate consideration.
    • Elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo):
      • Central route processing: deep consideration of persuasive communication arguments.
      • Peripheral route processing: superficial, emotional, or automatic responses to persuasive communication cues.
    • Factors affecting persuasion: source (credibility, attractiveness), message (strength, clarity), and audience (motivation, prior attitudes).
    • Importance of different factors:
      • Source credibility: expertise and trustworthiness of the speaker.
      • Message quality: strength and clarity of the message.
      • Audience characteristics: motivation to process the message and existing attitudes.

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    • Cognitive consonance: harmony between thoughts and behaviors.
    • Cognitive dissonance: disparity between thoughts and behaviors.
      • Motivating mechanisms for restoring harmony: changing attitudes, changing behaviors, adding new thoughts.
      • Inconsistency example: attitude/opinion vs behavior. Causes discomfort that is resolved through change

    Theory of Planned Behavior

    • Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein: Attitudes aren't directly linked to behavior but through intentions.
      • Intentions: decisions or plans about behavior.
      • Attitudes toward behavior: how positively or negatively people view the behavior.
      • Subjective norms: perceived social pressure towards/against the behavior.
      • Perceived behavioral control: belief about capability to perform the behavior.
      • Important factors: past behaviors, social influences, and self-efficacy that affect behavioral decisions.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of social cognition, focusing on mental processes that influence social behavior. Delve into attribution theories, including internal and external attributions, as well as the covariation principle and fundamental attribution error. Understand how these concepts shape our perception of others.

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