Social Cognition Overview
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Questions and Answers

In which situation is attitude change likely to be long-lasting?

  • High motivation and involvement with high-quality arguments (correct)
  • Low motivation and superficial processing
  • Emotions disregarded
  • Lack of credible sender

The attractiveness of the sender has no impact on attitude change.

False (B)

What is the term that refers to the likelihood that a person will think deeply about a message?

Elaboration likelihood

People with _____ self-esteem are more susceptible to influence.

<p>average</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their influence on attitude change:

<p>Credibility = Trustworthiness of the sender Negative emotions = Fear-based persuasion Good mood effect = Increased susceptibility when happy Age = Younger individuals are easier to persuade</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is generally less likely to change their attitude?

<p>Middle-aged adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People with a high need for closure are likely to be more open-minded.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional appeal is often used to persuade individuals?

<p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

<p>Attributing others' successes to external factors and their failures to internal factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People generally attribute their own successes to external factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attribution focuses on the person's characteristics to explain behavior?

<p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The covariation principle helps explain behavior by examining ______, ______, and ______.

<p>distinctiveness, consistency, consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an attitude?

<p>A general disposition towards a specific object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of attribution with its description:

<p>Personal attribution = Cause found within the person's characteristics Stimulus attribution = Cause found in the stimulus or object of focus Situational attribution = Cause found in the surrounding environment Internal attribution = Attribution tied to personal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attitudes can only be innate and are never learned.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept describes the transfer of a positive or negative evaluation from one stimulus to another?

<p>Evaluative conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does operant conditioning refer to?

<p>Behavior change due to a relationship between behavior and its consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mere exposure effect suggests that increased exposure to a stimulus leads to a negative attitude towards it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of thinking described by Daniel Kahneman.

<p>System 1 and System 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social comparison theory, we often compare ourselves with others in terms of ______ and ______.

<p>behavior, attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of persuasion involves deeper processing of information?

<p>Central route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of social comparison with their descriptions:

<p>Upward comparison = Comparing ourselves to those slightly better than us Downward comparison = Comparing ourselves to those worse off than us Similarity tendency = Comparing ourselves to people similar to us Social criterion = Using others' views to evaluate our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social learning theory emphasizes that behavior is mainly learned through direct reinforcement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key effect of the upward comparison tendency?

<p>It can lead to a desire for self-improvement but may also result in a negative self-image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that influence behavioral intentions in the theory of planned behavior?

<p>Behavioral consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is harmony between attitudes and behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the theorists associated with the theory of planned behavior?

<p>Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of seeking cognitive balance when facing cognitive dissonance is referred to as ______.

<p>cognitive consonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their descriptions:

<p>Attitudes = Evaluative orientation toward a subject Subjective norms = Social pressure regarding a behavior Perceived behavioral control = Belief in one's ability to perform a behavior Cognitive dissonance = Conflict between attitudes and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a person do to resolve cognitive dissonance?

<p>Change their behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selective exposure refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy and how does it relate to perceived behavioral control?

<p>Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific situation; it influences perceived behavioral control over a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of cognitive dissonance reduction related to choices?

<p>Minimizing the importance of conflicting information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance can occur after someone has made a choice, leading them to value the chosen option more.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance often lead individuals to adjust?

<p>Their attitudes or beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive dissonance, people often modify their beliefs to align with their _____ or efforts.

<p>behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their related cognitive dissonance concepts:

<p>Minimizing conflicting information = Eating less meat than others Attitude adjustment = Legislation for humane treatment Perception of effort = Taylor Swift concert Application in advertising = Messi drinking Pepsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the effect of dissonance reduction on effort?

<p>Higher effort increases the importance of the activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using an authoritative tone is an effective way to change someone's attitude.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of cognitive dissonance in advertising as discussed?

<p>Messi drinking Pepsi despite its unhealthy image</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social cognition

Study of mental processes influencing social behavior.

Attribution

Process of finding reasons for observed behavior.

Fundamental attribution error

Overestimating the role of personality, underestimating situational factors in others' actions.

Internal attribution

Assigning the cause of behavior to personal characteristics.

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External attribution

Assigning the cause of behavior to situational factors.

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Covariation model

Model for determining causes of behavior by examining the co-occurrence of factors.

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Attitude

General feeling about an object or person.

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Attitude formation

Process of developing attitudes, often influenced by experiences and personality.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through the association of a behavior and its consequences (positive or negative).

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Social Learning Theory

Learning by observing and imitating models, including media.

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Social Comparison Theory

Evaluating our behavior and beliefs by comparing ourselves to others.

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Mere Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a more positive attitude.

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System 1 Thinking

Quick, intuitive decision-making.

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System 2 Thinking

Slow, deliberate, logical reasoning.

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Central route to persuasion

A mode of processing information in which the receiver carefully considers the message and uses rational thinking and reasoning to evaluate it.

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Need for cognition

An individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities.

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Theory of Planned Behavior

A theory explaining how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence intentions and ultimately behavior.

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Attitudes in TPB

Our overall evaluation of a behavior, including its positive and negative aspects.

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Subjective Norms in TPB

The perceived social pressure to engage in a behavior.

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Perceived Behavioral Control in TPB

Our belief in our ability to successfully perform a behavior.

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Cognitive Dissonance

A state of mental discomfort when our beliefs and actions are inconsistent.

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Reducing Dissonance

Strategies to restore harmony between conflicting thoughts and actions.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

A model explaining how people process persuasive messages, based on their motivation and ability to think critically. It suggests two processing routes: central and peripheral.

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Central Route Processing

Involves carefully considering the arguments and evidence presented in a message. This occurs when individuals are highly motivated and have the ability to process information.

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Peripheral Route Processing

Relies on superficial cues and heuristics, such as source credibility, attractiveness, or emotional appeals. This occurs when individuals are less motivated or lack the ability to process information fully.

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Source Credibility

The perceived expertise and trustworthiness of the communicator. It influences persuasion by increasing the likelihood that the message will be believed.

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Attractiveness

The physical appeal and likability of the communicator. Attractive sources can be more persuasive due to halo effects.

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Emotional Appeals

Messages that evoke strong feelings, such as fear, guilt, or sadness. These can influence attitudes by creating a strong association with the message.

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Good Mood Effect

People in a positive mood are more likely to be persuaded by messages, even weak ones. This is because positive moods can lead to less critical thinking.

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Pre-Existing Attitude

An individual's existing beliefs and feelings about a topic. People are more likely to accept persuasive messages that align with their pre-existing attitudes.

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Minimizing Importance

A strategy to reduce cognitive dissonance where we downplay the significance of conflicting information.

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Adjusting Attitude

A strategy to reduce cognitive dissonance by changing our beliefs or attitudes to align with the conflicting information.

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Perceiving Behavior Differently

Reducing cognitive dissonance by reinterpreting our own behavior in a way that aligns with our beliefs.

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Post-Decision Dissonance

Dissonance experienced after making a choice, especially when the options are equally appealing. We tend to amplify the positive aspects of our choice and downplay the negative aspects.

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Effort Justification

The tendency to value something more highly if we invested a lot of effort into it.

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Dissonance in Advertising

Using celebrity endorsements to reduce cognitive dissonance. Consumers may believe the product is unhealthy, but associating it with a healthy athlete might make them think it's not so bad.

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How to Reduce Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance can be reduced by (1) changing attitudes or behaviors to align with each other, (2) adding new beliefs that support existing attitudes, or (3) minimizing the importance of conflicting information.

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Study Notes

Social Cognition

  • Study of mental processes influencing social behavior
  • Cognitive psychology: scientific study of mental functions (attention, memory, consciousness, language, and control of actions)
  • Covariance model of attributions (Fritz Heider):
    • Causal attributions: thought processes humans use to find reasons for observed behavior.
    • Internal attribution: cause of behavior attributed to person's characteristics.
    • External attribution: cause of behavior attributed to environmental factors or situations.
    • Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underestimate external factors in attributing others' actions.
    • Covariation principle: if a behavior occurs when a factor is present and not when it is absent, the behavior is explained by that factor.
      • Factors to consider: distinctiveness (does the person behave this way in other situations?), consistency (does the person behave this way in similar situations over time?), and consensus (do other people behave this way in this situation?).
      • Person attribution: behavior cause explained by person
      • Stimulus attribution: behavior cause linked to objects or events
      • Situation attribution: behavior cause associated with a situation

Attitudes

  • Attitude: general disposition toward an object, person, or idea.
    • Influencing factors: both innate and learned.
    • Influence both external and internal behavior.
  • Evaluative conditioning: positive or negative stimulus is associated with a neutral one, transferring the positive or negative to the neutral stimulus.
  • Operant conditioning: behavioral changes occur by associating acts with positive or negative outcomes.
  • Social learning theory (Bandura): Learning by observing models and imitating their behavior and attitudes.
  • Social comparison theory (Festinger): comparing oneself to others to judge one's behavior and appropriateness.
  • Social norms: standards of a social group that influence behavior.

Attitude Change Strategies

  • System 1 thinking: quick, automatic judgments.
  • System 2 thinking: slow, deliberate consideration.
  • Elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo):
    • Central route processing: deep consideration of persuasive communication arguments.
    • Peripheral route processing: superficial, emotional, or automatic responses to persuasive communication cues.
  • Factors affecting persuasion: source (credibility, attractiveness), message (strength, clarity), and audience (motivation, prior attitudes).
  • Importance of different factors:
    • Source credibility: expertise and trustworthiness of the speaker.
    • Message quality: strength and clarity of the message.
    • Audience characteristics: motivation to process the message and existing attitudes.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

  • Cognitive consonance: harmony between thoughts and behaviors.
  • Cognitive dissonance: disparity between thoughts and behaviors.
    • Motivating mechanisms for restoring harmony: changing attitudes, changing behaviors, adding new thoughts.
    • Inconsistency example: attitude/opinion vs behavior. Causes discomfort that is resolved through change

Theory of Planned Behavior

  • Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein: Attitudes aren't directly linked to behavior but through intentions.
    • Intentions: decisions or plans about behavior.
    • Attitudes toward behavior: how positively or negatively people view the behavior.
    • Subjective norms: perceived social pressure towards/against the behavior.
    • Perceived behavioral control: belief about capability to perform the behavior.
    • Important factors: past behaviors, social influences, and self-efficacy that affect behavioral decisions.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of social cognition, focusing on mental processes that influence social behavior. Delve into attribution theories, including internal and external attributions, as well as the covariation principle and fundamental attribution error. Understand how these concepts shape our perception of others.

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