Podcast
Questions and Answers
Social Psychology is the scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others and the internalized social norms of our ______.
Social Psychology is the scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the presence of others and the internalized social norms of our ______.
culture
Attribution Theory is concerned with how ordinary people explain the ______ of behavior and events, seeking to understand if actions stem from internal traits or external situations.
Attribution Theory is concerned with how ordinary people explain the ______ of behavior and events, seeking to understand if actions stem from internal traits or external situations.
causes
______ attribution attributes the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of the person rather than to outside causes, focusing on personality, motives, and beliefs.
______ attribution attributes the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of the person rather than to outside causes, focusing on personality, motives, and beliefs.
Internal
Fundamental Attribution Error describes our tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of ______ when judging other people’s behavior.
Fundamental Attribution Error describes our tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of ______ when judging other people’s behavior.
Self-Serving Bias is our tendency to attribute positive outcomes to our character and negative outcomes to ______ circumstances, protecting our self-esteem.
Self-Serving Bias is our tendency to attribute positive outcomes to our character and negative outcomes to ______ circumstances, protecting our self-esteem.
By becoming aware of self-serving bias, individuals can become more self-reflective, learn from their mistakes, and be less ______ of others.
By becoming aware of self-serving bias, individuals can become more self-reflective, learn from their mistakes, and be less ______ of others.
The False Consensus Effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our ______ and behaviors, assuming our own viewpoints are more common than they are.
The False Consensus Effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our ______ and behaviors, assuming our own viewpoints are more common than they are.
In contrast to the fundamental attribution error which focuses on others, self-serving bias applies to ourselves and our actions, skewing attributions to maintain a ______ self-view.
In contrast to the fundamental attribution error which focuses on others, self-serving bias applies to ourselves and our actions, skewing attributions to maintain a ______ self-view.
[Blank] is an attitude, specifically a feeling influenced by beliefs, often directed towards a particular racial or ethnic group, gender, or belief system.
[Blank] is an attitude, specifically a feeling influenced by beliefs, often directed towards a particular racial or ethnic group, gender, or belief system.
[Blank] prejudice refers to unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group, where the person is unaware they hold this bias.
[Blank] prejudice refers to unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group, where the person is unaware they hold this bias.
Unlike prejudice, which is an attitude, ______ is the unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
Unlike prejudice, which is an attitude, ______ is the unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
Dividing the world into 'us' and 'them' fosters a sense of ______, where 'us' represents the people with whom we share a common identity.
Dividing the world into 'us' and 'them' fosters a sense of ______, where 'us' represents the people with whom we share a common identity.
The ______ bias explains the tendency for individuals to be more helpful and positive toward members of their own group compared to those of an out-group.
The ______ bias explains the tendency for individuals to be more helpful and positive toward members of their own group compared to those of an out-group.
[Blank] bias is the tendency to assume that members of other groups are very similar to each other, fueling stereotypes and prejudice.
[Blank] bias is the tendency to assume that members of other groups are very similar to each other, fueling stereotypes and prejudice.
According to the ______ theory, finding someone to blame when things go wrong can provide a target for negative emotions.
According to the ______ theory, finding someone to blame when things go wrong can provide a target for negative emotions.
A ______ is a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
A ______ is a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
The ______ effect describes the tendency to like or prefer something that is familiar, influencing attraction and relationships.
The ______ effect describes the tendency to like or prefer something that is familiar, influencing attraction and relationships.
The more alike people are, the more they like each other; in real life, ______ usually retract.
The more alike people are, the more they like each other; in real life, ______ usually retract.
We like those who like us, which is also known as ______.
We like those who like us, which is also known as ______.
[Blank] is a combination of intimacy and passion; it is the intense absorption with one another, usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship
[Blank] is a combination of intimacy and passion; it is the intense absorption with one another, usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship
[Blank] Love is a combination of intimacy and commitment; it is the deep love and commitment, such as that between long-married couples for whom passionate love might no longer be active.
[Blank] Love is a combination of intimacy and commitment; it is the deep love and commitment, such as that between long-married couples for whom passionate love might no longer be active.
A combination of Intimacy, passion and commitment is described as ______ Love.
A combination of Intimacy, passion and commitment is described as ______ Love.
[Blank] is any physical or verbal behavior intended harm someone physically or emotionally, emerging from the interaction of biology and experience.
[Blank] is any physical or verbal behavior intended harm someone physically or emotionally, emerging from the interaction of biology and experience.
The ______ Effect leads us to assume that our own beliefs and habits are normal and that others share them, often leading to the false assumption that those who disagree with us are somehow defective.
The ______ Effect leads us to assume that our own beliefs and habits are normal and that others share them, often leading to the false assumption that those who disagree with us are somehow defective.
The ______ Hypothesis is the belief that the world is inherently fair and that individuals receive outcomes that they deserve, which can sometimes result in victim-blaming.
The ______ Hypothesis is the belief that the world is inherently fair and that individuals receive outcomes that they deserve, which can sometimes result in victim-blaming.
The ______ Effect occurs when a positive perception of someone in one area influences overall impressions, potentially leading to biased evaluations of their other qualities and traits .
The ______ Effect occurs when a positive perception of someone in one area influences overall impressions, potentially leading to biased evaluations of their other qualities and traits .
______ influence how we react to objects, people, and events, demonstrating a bidirectional relationship where our actions also shape our thoughts.
______ influence how we react to objects, people, and events, demonstrating a bidirectional relationship where our actions also shape our thoughts.
______ Route Persuasion involves using logic, data, and facts to convince an audience by requiring them to carefully consider the merits of the argument, often resulting in lasting attitude change.
______ Route Persuasion involves using logic, data, and facts to convince an audience by requiring them to carefully consider the merits of the argument, often resulting in lasting attitude change.
______ Route Persuasion relies on surface-level cues, such as endorsements from famous people or emotional appeals, to influence attitudes without requiring deep engagement with the message.
______ Route Persuasion relies on surface-level cues, such as endorsements from famous people or emotional appeals, to influence attitudes without requiring deep engagement with the message.
______ Dissonance arises when we recognize inconsistencies between our beliefs, attitudes, or actions, leading us to rationalize or change one of these elements to alleviate the discomfort.
______ Dissonance arises when we recognize inconsistencies between our beliefs, attitudes, or actions, leading us to rationalize or change one of these elements to alleviate the discomfort.
The ______-in-the-Door Phenomenon describes the increased likelihood of complying with a larger request after initially agreeing to a smaller one, leveraging the principle of consistency in human behavior.
The ______-in-the-Door Phenomenon describes the increased likelihood of complying with a larger request after initially agreeing to a smaller one, leveraging the principle of consistency in human behavior.
The ______-in-the-Face Phenomenon involves increasing the likelihood of compliance with a smaller request by first presenting a larger, unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected.
The ______-in-the-Face Phenomenon involves increasing the likelihood of compliance with a smaller request by first presenting a larger, unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected.
The ______ Technique is a manipulation tactic where an attractive offer is presented to gain compliance, only to have the terms made less favorable after the person has already agreed.
The ______ Technique is a manipulation tactic where an attractive offer is presented to gain compliance, only to have the terms made less favorable after the person has already agreed.
______ is a fundamental aspect of human behavior where individuals change their attitudes, perceptions, or behaviors to align with the norms or behaviors of a group or other people.
______ is a fundamental aspect of human behavior where individuals change their attitudes, perceptions, or behaviors to align with the norms or behaviors of a group or other people.
When attempting to persuade someone on a political issue using the central route, one would present objective ______, employ logical reasoning, and encourage careful, unbiased consideration of the topic.
When attempting to persuade someone on a political issue using the central route, one would present objective ______, employ logical reasoning, and encourage careful, unbiased consideration of the topic.
The tendency to view our own thoughts as appropriate, normal, and correct is closely associated with the ______, which can lead individuals to overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs
The tendency to view our own thoughts as appropriate, normal, and correct is closely associated with the ______, which can lead individuals to overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs
The ______ occurs when positive impressions of a person in one area skew perceptions and opinions of them in other areas.
The ______ occurs when positive impressions of a person in one area skew perceptions and opinions of them in other areas.
To reduce discomfort from cognitive dissonance, we change either our actions or our ______ so the two align.
To reduce discomfort from cognitive dissonance, we change either our actions or our ______ so the two align.
The ______ describes our inclination to imitate the actions, gestures, or expressions of individuals we connect with.
The ______ describes our inclination to imitate the actions, gestures, or expressions of individuals we connect with.
The Solomon Asch experiment vividly illustrated how ______ from a predominant faction can sway a person to conform, showcasing individuals' readiness to provide incorrect responses to align with the group.
The Solomon Asch experiment vividly illustrated how ______ from a predominant faction can sway a person to conform, showcasing individuals' readiness to provide incorrect responses to align with the group.
______ is conforming to align with a group, driven by the desire to avoid appearing foolish or being excluded, aiming for social acceptance and the portrayal of normalcy.
______ is conforming to align with a group, driven by the desire to avoid appearing foolish or being excluded, aiming for social acceptance and the portrayal of normalcy.
______ emerges when individuals conform out of a desire to be correct, seeking guidance from those perceived as more knowledgeable, especially in unfamiliar scenarios or when lacking expertise.
______ emerges when individuals conform out of a desire to be correct, seeking guidance from those perceived as more knowledgeable, especially in unfamiliar scenarios or when lacking expertise.
______ refers to adhering to directives, commonly issued by an authority figure, emphasizing the impact of proximity, legitimacy, and institutional support on compliance.
______ refers to adhering to directives, commonly issued by an authority figure, emphasizing the impact of proximity, legitimacy, and institutional support on compliance.
______ leads to individuals engaging in impulsive, deviant, or violent acts within environments offering perceived anonymity, where personal accountability diminishes.
______ leads to individuals engaging in impulsive, deviant, or violent acts within environments offering perceived anonymity, where personal accountability diminishes.
______ denotes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort towards a goal when collaborating in a group compared to working independently, often stemming from diminished accountability or perceived insignificance of individual input.
______ denotes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort towards a goal when collaborating in a group compared to working independently, often stemming from diminished accountability or perceived insignificance of individual input.
Social facilitation describes heightened performance on straightforward or mastered tasks when in the presence of others, whereas ______ entails diminished performance on intricate or poorly learned tasks under similar conditions.
Social facilitation describes heightened performance on straightforward or mastered tasks when in the presence of others, whereas ______ entails diminished performance on intricate or poorly learned tasks under similar conditions.
______ transpires when the beliefs and attitudes within a group intensify through discussions among like-minded individuals, reinforcing shared viewpoints and amplifying agreement.
______ transpires when the beliefs and attitudes within a group intensify through discussions among like-minded individuals, reinforcing shared viewpoints and amplifying agreement.
______ involves flawed thinking and defective decision-making in cohesive groups, driven by a desire to maintain harmony and deterring members from expressing dissenting opinions or exploring alternative solutions.
______ involves flawed thinking and defective decision-making in cohesive groups, driven by a desire to maintain harmony and deterring members from expressing dissenting opinions or exploring alternative solutions.
______ encompasses the shared behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions within a community, passed down across generations, shaping identity and social norms.
______ encompasses the shared behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions within a community, passed down across generations, shaping identity and social norms.
______ emphasizes prioritizing personal objectives over collective goals, defining identity through individual attributes rather than group affiliations.
______ emphasizes prioritizing personal objectives over collective goals, defining identity through individual attributes rather than group affiliations.
In contrast, ______ centers on prioritizing the aims of one's group, such as family or work, shaping identity through collective affiliations and emphasizing interdependence.
In contrast, ______ centers on prioritizing the aims of one's group, such as family or work, shaping identity through collective affiliations and emphasizing interdependence.
________ is an unjustifiable and typically negative attitude toward a group and its members, often rooted in stereotypes and biases.
________ is an unjustifiable and typically negative attitude toward a group and its members, often rooted in stereotypes and biases.
The Stanford Prison Experiment, led by Philip Zimbardo, was halted early due to participants excessively embracing their roles, leading to abuse by ______ and distress among ______ , highlighting the potent influence of situational dynamics on behavior.
The Stanford Prison Experiment, led by Philip Zimbardo, was halted early due to participants excessively embracing their roles, leading to abuse by ______ and distress among ______ , highlighting the potent influence of situational dynamics on behavior.
[Blank] aggression is driven by the primary intention to inflict pain and suffering on another individual.
[Blank] aggression is driven by the primary intention to inflict pain and suffering on another individual.
The frustration-aggression principle posits that frustration instigates anger, potentially leading to ______.
The frustration-aggression principle posits that frustration instigates anger, potentially leading to ______.
[Blank] influences aggressive tendencies, with higher levels often correlating with increased aggression.
[Blank] influences aggressive tendencies, with higher levels often correlating with increased aggression.
According to social exchange theory, individuals assess the ______ and benefits of helping behaviors, opting to assist if the rewards outweigh the costs.
According to social exchange theory, individuals assess the ______ and benefits of helping behaviors, opting to assist if the rewards outweigh the costs.
The ______ norm encourages individuals to reciprocate acts of kindness, fostering a cycle of mutual assistance and cooperation.
The ______ norm encourages individuals to reciprocate acts of kindness, fostering a cycle of mutual assistance and cooperation.
The bystander effect arises from ______ of responsibility, where individuals in a group feel less personal obligation to intervene in an emergency.
The bystander effect arises from ______ of responsibility, where individuals in a group feel less personal obligation to intervene in an emergency.
[Blank] goals unite diverse groups by requiring collaborative effort toward a common, overriding objective.
[Blank] goals unite diverse groups by requiring collaborative effort toward a common, overriding objective.
Neurologically, reduced activity in the ______ lobes is associated with decreased impulse control, potentially contributing to aggressive actions.
Neurologically, reduced activity in the ______ lobes is associated with decreased impulse control, potentially contributing to aggressive actions.
[Blank] twins are less likely to exhibit similar aggressive temperaments compared to identical twins, indicating a genetic component in aggression.
[Blank] twins are less likely to exhibit similar aggressive temperaments compared to identical twins, indicating a genetic component in aggression.
The social ______ norm dictates that individuals should assist those in need, even if the personal costs exceed the benefits, reflecting a selfless approach to helping.
The social ______ norm dictates that individuals should assist those in need, even if the personal costs exceed the benefits, reflecting a selfless approach to helping.
Experiencing aversive stimuli, like hot temperatures or foul odors, can contribute to hostile feelings, illustrating how environmental factors influence ______.
Experiencing aversive stimuli, like hot temperatures or foul odors, can contribute to hostile feelings, illustrating how environmental factors influence ______.
Modeling plays a significant role in observational learning; children who witness aggressive behavior from their parents are more likely to ______ such actions.
Modeling plays a significant role in observational learning; children who witness aggressive behavior from their parents are more likely to ______ such actions.
When faced with an approach-avoidance conflict, an individual must weigh both the attractive and ______ features of a single goal or event.
When faced with an approach-avoidance conflict, an individual must weigh both the attractive and ______ features of a single goal or event.
Unlike social norms or expectations, ______ encompasses selfless acts performed without expecting personal gain, often involving risk or sacrifice.
Unlike social norms or expectations, ______ encompasses selfless acts performed without expecting personal gain, often involving risk or sacrifice.
Aggression that is a means to some other end is called ______ aggression.
Aggression that is a means to some other end is called ______ aggression.
Flashcards
Social Psychology
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others and social norms.
Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
A theory about how people explain the causes of behavior and events.
Internal Attribution
Internal Attribution
Attributing behavior to a person's internal characteristics like personality, motives, or beliefs.
External Attribution
External Attribution
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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Self-Enhancing Memory
Self-Enhancing Memory
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False Consensus Effect
False Consensus Effect
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Just-World Hypothesis
Just-World Hypothesis
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Halo Effect
Halo Effect
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Attitudes
Attitudes
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Actions Affect Attitudes
Actions Affect Attitudes
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Central Route Persuasion
Central Route Persuasion
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
Peripheral Route Persuasion
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
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Foot-in-the-Door
Foot-in-the-Door
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Door-in-the-Face
Door-in-the-Face
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Lowball Technique
Lowball Technique
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Conformity
Conformity
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Actions Affect Attitudes
Actions Affect Attitudes
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Attitudes Affect Actions
Attitudes Affect Actions
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Chameleon Effect
Chameleon Effect
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Normative Social Influence
Normative Social Influence
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Informational Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
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Obedience
Obedience
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Deindividuation
Deindividuation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Inhibition/Impairment
Social Inhibition/Impairment
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Group Polarization
Group Polarization
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Groupthink
Groupthink
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Culture
Culture
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Individualism
Individualism
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Collectivism
Collectivism
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Prejudice
Prejudice
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Stereotypes
Stereotypes
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Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
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Implicit Prejudice
Implicit Prejudice
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Explicit Prejudice
Explicit Prejudice
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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In-Group
In-Group
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Out-Group
Out-Group
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In-group Bias
In-group Bias
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Outgroup Bias
Outgroup Bias
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Scapegoat Theory
Scapegoat Theory
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Social Trap
Social Trap
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Mere Exposure Effect
Mere Exposure Effect
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Reciprocity
Reciprocity
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Aggression
Aggression
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Hostile Aggression
Hostile Aggression
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Instrumental Aggression
Instrumental Aggression
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Genetic Influence on Aggression
Genetic Influence on Aggression
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Neural Influences on Aggression
Neural Influences on Aggression
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Biochemical Influences on Aggression
Biochemical Influences on Aggression
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
Frustration-Aggression Principle
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Reinforcement and Modeling Aggression
Reinforcement and Modeling Aggression
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Approach-Approach Conflict
Approach-Approach Conflict
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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Altruism
Altruism
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Social Exchange Theory
Social Exchange Theory
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Reciprocity Norm
Reciprocity Norm
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Social Responsibility Norm
Social Responsibility Norm
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Superordinate Goals
Superordinate Goals
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Study Notes
- Social psychology scientifically explores how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the presence of others and the internalized social norms of their culture.
Attribution Theory
- Attribution theory delves into how individuals explain the causes of behaviors and events, focusing on whether actions stem from someone's inherent traits or external factors.
Internal / Dispositional Attribution
- Attributes behavior to a person's inherent characteristics, such as personality, motivations, and beliefs.
- Example: Assuming someone is shy because they rarely speak in class or outgoing because they talk non-stop in the cafeteria.
External / Situational Attribution
- Attributes behavior to external situations or circumstances beyond a person's control.
- Example: Believing someone is withdrawn due to a difficult time or bullying.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- The common tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the impact of situations when judging others' behavior.
Self-Serving Bias
- The inclination to attribute positive outcomes to our own character or actions and negative outcomes to external circumstances, protecting our self-esteem.
- Includes remembering/justifying past actions in self-enhancing ways, inflated confidence, and overestimating how admirably we would act in negative situations.
- Also includes quickly believing flattering descriptions, seeing ourselves as making better contributions, and thinking our group is superior.
False Consensus Effect
- Overestimating how much others share our beliefs and behaviors, assuming our own are normal and correct.
- Often involves viewing those who disagree as defective and failing to recognize the diversity of "normal" across different people.
Just-World Hypothesis
- The tendency to believe the world is fair and people get what they deserve.
- Can lead to victim-blaming, where individuals hold victims responsible for their misfortunes.
Halo Effect
- Forming positive impressions or opinions of someone in all areas based on positive impressions in one area.
- Letting one trait affect the overall perception, leading to flawed perspectives and potential disappointment.
Attitudes
- Attitudes shape our reactions to objects, people, and events, influencing both our actions and being influenced by them.
- Actions influence attitudes, with individuals justifying behaviors to maintain a positive self-image, aligning beliefs with actions.
Central Route Persuasion
- A logic-driven persuasion method using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness.
- Effective when the audience is interested, the issue is relevant, and there is time to focus, which can cause long-lasting attitude change.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
- Persuasion based on surface-level cues rather than the actual content.
- Includes endorsements from attractive or famous people and heart-tugging ads, leading to less permanent attitude change.
Cognitive Dissonance
- The discomfort felt when beliefs, attitudes, or actions are inconsistent or contradictory.
- Reduced by changing actions or beliefs to align them, often rationalizing inconsistencies to feel better.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
- The tendency for people who comply with a small request to later comply with a larger request.
Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
- The tendency for people to comply with a smaller request after first denying a larger request.
Lowball Technique
- Gaining compliance by making an attractive initial offer, then making the terms less favorable after acceptance.
Conformity
- A change in behavior or opinions due to real or imagined pressure from others.
- Enhanced when feeling incompetent/insecure, in a group of 3+, everyone agrees, admiring the group's attractiveness, no prior commitment, behavior is observed, and culture encourages respect.
Chameleon Effect
- The unconscious mimicking of mannerisms, gestures, or facial expressions of others during interaction.
Solomon Asch Experiment
- Demonstrated how social pressure can cause a person to conform, with participants willing to give wrong answers to align with the group.
Normative Social Influence
- Conforming to fit in with the group, avoid appearing foolish, and gain social approval.
- Includes vaping because friends are doing it or wearing a popular brand because others do.
Informational Social Influence
- Conforming due to a desire to be right, looking to others believed to have more information, typically in unfamiliar situations or when lacking knowledge.
Obedience
- Following orders, typically given by an authority figure.
- Increased when the authority figure is nearby, supported by a prestigious institution, and the victim is distant, with no role models for defiance.
Philip Zimbardo & the Stanford Prison Experiment
- Demonstrated how people assimilate assigned roles too well, with "guards" becoming abusive and "prisoners" becoming depressed.
Deindividuation
- People are more likely to act violently when they think they cant be personally identified.
- The reduced sense of accountability leaves people feeling less accountable for their actions.
Social Loafing
- Exerting less effort in a group than when working alone, due to feeling less accountable and viewing individual contributions as trivial.
Social Facilitation
- Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
Social Inhibition/ Impairment
- Reduced performance on difficult tasks in the presence of others.
- The presence of others increases physiological arousal, helping with dominant responses but hindering complex tasks.
Group Polarization
- Beliefs and attitudes grow stronger within a group discussion with like-minded individuals.
- Group decisions become more extreme than individual ones, leaning further in the direction of the majority.
Groupthink
- Faulty thinking that occurs in highly cohesive groups when the desire for harmony prevents concerns or alternative views from being raised.
- Involves prioritizing group cohesiveness over challenging the dominant view and doubting one's own judgments.
Culture
- The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted across generations.
Individualism
- Prioritizing one’s own goals over group goals and defining identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Collectivism
- Giving priority to the goals of one's group, defining identity accordingly often with extended family.
Prejudice
- An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members.
- Fueled by stereotypes, which are generalized beliefs about a group that often oversimplify or exaggerate.
Ethnocentrism
- Judging another culture based on the standards of one’s own culture, often considering it superior and viewing other cultures as inferior.
Implicit Prejudice
- Unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group.
Explicit Prejudice
- A negative attitude against a specific group that is consciously held.
Discrimination
- Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
- Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action.
Groups
- Dividing the world into "us" and "them" can lead to conflict, racism, and war, but also provides connection.
- In-group: "Us"
- Out-group: "Them"
In-group Bias
- The heightened tendency for humans to be more helpful and positive towards members of their own group over members of an out-group.
Outgroup Bias
- The tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other.
Negative Emotions
- Heighten prejudice, with people clinging more tightly to their ingroup and friends when facing threats or frustration.
Scapegoat Theory
- When things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for negative emotions.
Social trap
- Acting to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
Attraction
- Influenced by proximity, similarity, and reciprocity.
- Physical attractiveness also plays a significant role, with people tending to like those they find attractive.
Mere Exposure Effect
- The correlation of preferring things that are familiar.
Reciprocity
- The degree to which two people like each other.
Sternberg’s Three Components of Love
- Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment
Passionate/Romantic Love
- Intimacy + Passion
- Intense absorption with one another, usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
Companionate Love
- Intimacy + Commitment
- Deep love and commitment, such as that between long-married couples for whom passionate love might no longer be active.
Consummate Love
- Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
- A rarer form of love that contains all three components.
Aggression
- Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
- Can either be Hostile or Instrumental
Hostile Aggression
- Intends to cause harm or injury to another person
Instrumental Aggression
- Has the goal of achieving something (other than just pain and suffering)
Genetic Influences on Aggression
- Genes influence aggression
- At least one genetic marker for aggression is on the Y chromosome, might explain why men tend to be more physically aggressive than women.
Neural Influences on Aggression
- Violent criminals tend to have diminished activity in the frontal lobes, which play an important role in controlling impulses.
Biochemical Influences on Aggression
- Alcohol unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
Frustration-Aggression Principle
- Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression.
Approach-approach conflict
- You must choose between two desirable outcomes
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
- You must choose between two unattractive outcomes
Approach-avoidance conflict
- Exists when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
Altruism
- Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard for consequences for oneself.
Social Exchange Theory
- Social behavior is an exchange process with the purpose of maximizing benefits and minimizing costs.
Reciprocity norm
- The expectation that we will repay in kind what another person has done for us
Social Responsibility Norm
- An expectation that should try to help others who need assistance, even if the costs outweigh the benefits.
Superordinate goals
- Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
Bystander Effect
- The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Diffusion of Responsibility
- A reduction in the sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation because you assume others observing the situation will help
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Description
Explore social psychology concepts like attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias. Understand how we interpret behavior, attribute causes, and the biases that influence our perceptions. Learn about internal vs. external attributions.
