Social Problems Exam 4: Gender Inequality
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Questions and Answers

What is a common way that women are socialized to use language compared to men?

  • Preferring technical jargon
  • Using more assertive language
  • Speaking in a lower pitch
  • Avoiding strong statements (correct)

What does research suggest about interruptions in communication?

  • Women interrupt men more than men interrupt women
  • Interruptions are equally distributed across genders
  • Men are less likely to interrupt than women
  • Male justices interrupt female justices at a higher rate (correct)

How do parents today compare to those in the 1970s regarding sex stereotypes?

  • Parents make a conscious effort to reduce sex stereotypes (correct)
  • Parents are more rigid in enforcing gender roles
  • Parents tend to socialize boys and girls equally
  • Parents are less aware of the impact of stereotypes

What aspect of toys has changed as discussed in research over different eras?

<p>There is a stronger gender division in marketing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall trend regarding women in U.S. political offices?

<p>Increasing representation compared to previous decades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gender stratification refer to?

<p>The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities based on gender. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is conflating sex and gender considered problematic?

<p>It limits the understanding of both biological and societal influences on identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example demonstrates male generic language?

<p>Using 'he' to refer to all individuals regardless of gender. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spotlighting in the context of language and gender?

<p>Emphasizing the gender of individuals in descriptions where it may not be relevant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural differences influence the gendering of jobs across societies?

<p>Cultures that value family traditionally assign women to domestic roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the situation where women face additional challenges in advancing within the workplace despite having equal qualifications as their male counterparts?

<p>Glass ceiling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the economic disadvantages often faced by mothers in the workplace compared to fathers after childbearing?

<p>Motherhood penalty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the 'broken rung phenomenon' in relation to workplace advancement?

<p>Women missing out on initial promotions essential for career progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the impact of women's entrance into the labor force on the attention received by children?

<p>Children receive more attention today despite working parents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs are women, reflecting the underrepresentation in top corporate positions?

<p>5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains the wage gap primarily?

<p>Occupational gender segregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In households with children, what percentage reflects women as the sole or primary earners, and how does addressing the wage gap impact poverty rates?

<p>60%; significantly reduces poverty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding heterosexual married women's housework compared to their male spouses?

<p>Women consistently perform more housework than men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the decline in hours of housework performed by women since the 1960s?

<p>An increase in household technology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender typically does the least amount of housework across various living arrangements?

<p>Men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of women's entrance into the labor force on parental attention received by children?

<p>It has increased attention received by children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon discusses the disparity women face in career advancement compared to men?

<p>Glass ceiling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor is primarily responsible for the wage gap?

<p>Occupational gender segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current percentage of women serving as governors in the U.S.?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where women are underrepresented in high-ranking corporate positions due to additional challenges?

<p>Motherhood penalty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Congress members are women?

<p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed from the 1960s regarding children's chores divided by gender?

<p>Girls perform more chores than boys now. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary reason contributes to men doing less housework than women?

<p>Cultural stereotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of women dominating female-concentrated occupations on average earnings?

<p>Lower average earnings when women are in the majority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the 'glass escalator' concept suggest on men in female-dominated jobs?

<p>They receive preferential treatment in promotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of gender stratification primarily involve?

<p>The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities based on gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does language reflect and express ideas about gender?

<p>Through the use of terminology that often prioritizes male perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way women are defined in society as opposed to men?

<p>By their family relationships and roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that boys and girls are often socialized differently according to research?

<p>Boys are generally discouraged from expressing emotions openly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes language that is designed to be gender-neutral but often fails in practice?

<p>Male generic language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'uptalking' in the context of gendered communication?

<p>A speech pattern that raises the pitch at the end of a statement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spotlighting' refer to in gendered language use?

<p>Highlighting an individual's gender in context where it is not relevant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surveillance have on how men and women express their gender identity in social situations?

<p>Both genders alter their behavior to meet societal expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex vs. Gender

Sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social roles and expectations.

Gender Stratification

Unequal access to resources and opportunities based on gender.

Male Generic Language

Language that uses male terms to refer to all people, excluding women.

Gender Reveals

Celebrations or announcements to reveal the sex of a baby.

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Spotlighting

Highlighing aspects of women's lives that center around relationships to men, rather than their achievements.

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Gendered Language Use

Different ways men and women are taught to communicate, including avoidance of strong statements, apologies, interruptions, and body language.

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Socialization & Gender Inequality

The process of learning societal norms related to gender roles and how these learned behaviors lead to gender inequalities.

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Gendered Communication Interruptions

Research shows that the interruption frequency differs between men and women, and it affects how the interruptions are perceived.

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Gendered Toys and Ads

Studies show that toys and advertisements often reinforce traditional gender roles, with significant differences in treatment of boys and girls.

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Women in Politics

Data on the representation of women in government positions (e.g., Senate, House, Presidency, Governor positions) reveals a lower percentage compared to their representation in other countries.

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Wage Gap

The difference in earnings between men and women for doing the same or similar jobs.

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Occupational Gender Segregation

The concentration of women and men in different types of jobs.

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Impact on Housework of Women entering workforce

Examines how shifts in women's employment roles affected unpaid household tasks.

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Women's Housework Hours (Past vs Current)

Research how women's housework hours have changed over decades (e.g., from 1960s), potentially due to societal shifts and economic changes.

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Reasons for Men Doing Less Housework

Investigates the possible reasons for men contributing less to household tasks.

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Wage Gap Impact on Households with Children

The percentage of households with children where women earn most or all of the income, and how closing the wage gap would affect poverty rates.

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Glass Ceiling

An invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing to top leadership positions.

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Resegregation (in occupations)

The tendency for women and minorities to be concentrated in certain occupations while men are in others.

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Motherhood Penalty

Negative consequences for career advancement or income associated with becoming a mother compared to fathers.

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Internal Job Ladders

The career paths within an organization. Often show a disparity in who gets positions of power.

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Gendered Language

Language that reflects and reinforces societal expectations and stereotypes about gender.

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Uptalking

Raising the pitch of your voice at the end of a sentence, making it sound like a question.

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Interruptions

Cutting someone off while they are speaking. Studies show that men interrupt women more often than women interrupt men.

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Socialization

The ongoing process of learning gender roles and expectations from society, starting from an early age.

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Gender Socialization in Toys

Toys and advertisements contribute to how children learn about gender roles, often reinforcing traditional stereotypes.

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Gendered Body Language

Nonverbal cues that can convey gendered messages.

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Unpaid Labor

Work done in the home, like cooking, cleaning, and childcare, that is usually not paid for.

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Housework Divide

The way in which household tasks are divided between partners, often with women doing a disproportionate share.

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Occupational Segregation

The tendency for women and men to be concentrated in different types of jobs.

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Female-Dominated Occupations

Jobs that are primarily held by women, such as teaching or nursing.

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Sticky Floor

The tendency for women to be stuck in low-paying, low-status jobs.

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Glass Escalator

The advantage that men experience in female-dominated fields, often leading to quicker promotions.

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Subtle Discrimination

Unintentional or unconscious bias against women that can impact their career opportunities.

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Study Notes

Social Problems Exam 4

  • Exam Content: Fifteen questions from assigned readings/articles and iCollege videos. Additional questions from the material below.

Gender Inequality

  • Costs/Benefits of Gender Identity: Costs and benefits of being male, female, or non-binary, and how these are affected by other identities.
  • Sex vs. Gender: Definitions, descriptions, and examples. Discussion of gender reveals, and why conflating sex and gender is problematic.
  • Gender Stratification: Definition. Ways in which things are "gendered," (with examples—ubiquitous but not identical across cultures.)
  • Language and Gender: Two ways language is gendered:
  • Reflecting/Expressing Gendered Ideas: Male generic language (what it is, examples, why it matters, why it should be changed), and spotlighting.
  • Defining Women in Relation to Men: How women are defined in terms of relationships to men (e.g., honorific titles, media coverage, research results of news stories), demonstrating how men are usually defined by their accomplishments. Use the Wimbledon example to illustrate.
  • Language Differences: Ways women and men are taught to use language differently (e.g., tags, uptalking, avoiding strong statements, apologies).
  • Interruptions: Results of research on interruptions (cross-gender, male justices interrupting female justices in the Supreme Court) including how interruptions are perceived.
  • Body Language: Gendered aspects of body language.
  • Socialization Approach: How gender inequality/stratification occurs through socialization; punishments/rewards.

Additional Topics

  • Video Content (List specific videos mentioned): There are several videos (listed by title) available on iCollege that you should review.
  • Politics:
  • Political Representation: Number of presidents/vice presidents, women in Senate/House (compare to other countries), women governors, women mayors, percentage of women in Congress, global rankings of women in government.
  • Work (Unpaid/Paid Work): Unpaid work, heterosexual married women's share of housework, impact of women feminists or men being married to one on housework, impact of marriage on housework, data on children’s chores by gender. (Important to find a way to remember these relationships).
  • Typical Ways Women and Men Divide Chores: Typical ways genders divide household duties—implications of this. Reasons for declines in women's housework hours since 1960s. Parental childcare: trends in 1960s vs. current contributions.
  • Wage Gap Explanation: 7 explanations for the wage gap (e.g., occupational gender segregation examples). Connection between percentage of women in a job/occupation and the average earnings of that occupation.

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Social Problems Exam 4 Concept List Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to gender inequality through a series of fifteen questions based on assigned readings and video materials. This quiz covers topics including gender identity, stratification, and the language of gender. Prepare to explore the complexities of sex, gender, and societal expectations.

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