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Questions and Answers
What is an example of a positive sanction?
What is an example of a positive sanction?
What term describes a state of normlessness in society?
What term describes a state of normlessness in society?
Which of the following describes informal sanctions?
Which of the following describes informal sanctions?
What is likely a consequence of anomie in a society?
What is likely a consequence of anomie in a society?
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Which option represents a negative formal sanction?
Which option represents a negative formal sanction?
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Which of the following best defines deviance?
Which of the following best defines deviance?
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What societal shift contributed to the state of anomie during the Industrial Revolution?
What societal shift contributed to the state of anomie during the Industrial Revolution?
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Which statement accurately describes formal sanctions?
Which statement accurately describes formal sanctions?
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How does teacher expectancy affect student performance?
How does teacher expectancy affect student performance?
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What does educational stratification primarily refer to?
What does educational stratification primarily refer to?
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What are norms typically seen as in society?
What are norms typically seen as in society?
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Which of the following best describes a family based on the content provided?
Which of the following best describes a family based on the content provided?
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What impact does teacher behavior, influenced by expectancy, have on students believed to be 'lazy'?
What impact does teacher behavior, influenced by expectancy, have on students believed to be 'lazy'?
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Which term best describes informal societal norms, such as following the tradition of facing forward in an elevator?
Which term best describes informal societal norms, such as following the tradition of facing forward in an elevator?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to educational stratification?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to educational stratification?
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What describes societal norms that have the strongest moral significance and are often seen as unacceptable if violated?
What describes societal norms that have the strongest moral significance and are often seen as unacceptable if violated?
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How do cultural values influence norms in a society?
How do cultural values influence norms in a society?
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What is one way in which educational inequality manifests?
What is one way in which educational inequality manifests?
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How does cultural context affect the definition of family?
How does cultural context affect the definition of family?
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What is the main purpose of sanctions in relation to norms?
What is the main purpose of sanctions in relation to norms?
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What is an example of the hidden curriculum in schools?
What is an example of the hidden curriculum in schools?
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Which example best illustrates the concept of mores in a culture?
Which example best illustrates the concept of mores in a culture?
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In societies, which norms are typically enforced by formal mechanisms like laws and regulations?
In societies, which norms are typically enforced by formal mechanisms like laws and regulations?
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What distinguishes a positive sanction from a negative sanction?
What distinguishes a positive sanction from a negative sanction?
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What is the main focus of biomedicine in Western societies?
What is the main focus of biomedicine in Western societies?
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Which concept refers to the process of defining human behaviors as medical conditions?
Which concept refers to the process of defining human behaviors as medical conditions?
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What positive outcome is associated with the medicalization of certain conditions?
What positive outcome is associated with the medicalization of certain conditions?
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In sick role theory, what is one right that a sick person has?
In sick role theory, what is one right that a sick person has?
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What is one of the negative consequences of medicalization?
What is one of the negative consequences of medicalization?
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How does Traditional Chinese Medicine view health?
How does Traditional Chinese Medicine view health?
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What role does medical diagnosis play in the context of medicalization?
What role does medical diagnosis play in the context of medicalization?
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What is one obligation of an individual in the sick role?
What is one obligation of an individual in the sick role?
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What is one of the rights of a sick person?
What is one of the rights of a sick person?
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What obligation does a sick person have towards their recovery?
What obligation does a sick person have towards their recovery?
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How is 'illness' differently defined compared to 'disease' in sociology?
How is 'illness' differently defined compared to 'disease' in sociology?
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What is the primary focus of social epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of social epidemiology?
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In the context of chronic illness, what aspect is closely associated with the illness experience?
In the context of chronic illness, what aspect is closely associated with the illness experience?
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What societal role does the sick role serve?
What societal role does the sick role serve?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences health outcomes in social epidemiology?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences health outcomes in social epidemiology?
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How can chronic illness impact daily life?
How can chronic illness impact daily life?
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What term is used to describe behaviors that violate a group's norms?
What term is used to describe behaviors that violate a group's norms?
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Which type of sanction would likely involve a legal penalty or punishment administered by an institution?
Which type of sanction would likely involve a legal penalty or punishment administered by an institution?
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In times of societal change, what term captures the state when norms and values are challenged and not yet replaced?
In times of societal change, what term captures the state when norms and values are challenged and not yet replaced?
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What characterizes informal sanctions within social groups?
What characterizes informal sanctions within social groups?
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How can shifts in societal structure lead to feelings of disconnection among individuals?
How can shifts in societal structure lead to feelings of disconnection among individuals?
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Which type of norm represents the least serious social expectation within a culture?
Which type of norm represents the least serious social expectation within a culture?
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What term best describes the consequences imposed on individuals for violating societal norms?
What term best describes the consequences imposed on individuals for violating societal norms?
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Which of the following norms would most likely lead to a legal consequence if violated?
Which of the following norms would most likely lead to a legal consequence if violated?
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Which statement accurately reflects the connection between cultural values and norms?
Which statement accurately reflects the connection between cultural values and norms?
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Which of the following examples best illustrates a taboo in society?
Which of the following examples best illustrates a taboo in society?
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Study Notes
Social Norms
- Norms are unwritten rules for behavior in society.
- Norms help establish societal order and predict behavior.
- Cultural values influence the development of norms.
- Folkways are informal norms, like facing forward on an elevator.
- Mores are more serious norms with greater moral significance.
- Laws are formal norms strictly enforcing right and wrong.
- Taboos are the strongest norms with severe consequences for violation.
Sanctions
- Sanctions promote compliance with norms and act as social control.
- Positive sanctions reward norm-following.
- Negative sanctions punish norm violation.
- Formal sanctions are codified within institutions, like work termination.
- Informal sanctions are enforced by social groups, like social shunning.
Anomie
- Anomie describes a state of normlessness.
- Anomie occurs when existing norms are challenged without being replaced.
- It leads to a lack of guidance and purpose for individuals.
- Anomie often arises during societal shifts, like the Industrial Revolution.
Deviance
- Deviance is any act or belief violating group norms.
- Examples include violating school dress codes or committing crimes.
- Deviance can challenge existing norms and inspire social change.
Educational Stratification
- Educational stratification refers to inequality in educational access and outcomes.
- It's caused by social inequalities related to race, class, and gender.
- Students with higher social standing have greater access to quality education.
Kinship
- Family is a social institution providing basic needs and support.
- Different cultures define family differently, considering various bonds.
- Kinship refers to the social relationships within a family.
Medicalization
- Medicine is the social institution responsible for health promotion and maintenance.
- Medicalization is the process of defining behaviors as medical conditions.
- It can lead to increased awareness, treatment options, and funding for conditions.
- However, it can also create side-effects and stigmas.
The Sick Role
- Sick role theory explains how illness disrupts social activities.
- It defines the rights and obligations of sick individuals to maintain order.
- The sick person has the right to be excused from responsibilities and not be blamed.
- The sick individual is obligated to seek treatment and cooperate with medical professionals.
The Illness Experience
- Illness experience focuses on how illness impacts identity and daily life.
- Illness is subjective, while disease is objectively defined by professionals.
- People with chronic illness must manage their condition in everyday life.
- Chronic illness can impact relationships and daily activities.
Social Epidemiology
- Social epidemiology studies the social factors influencing health and illness.
- It examines the impact of structural, cultural, and individual factors on health outcomes.
- It helps understand the social determinants of health and design interventions.
Norms
- Norms are unwritten rules of behavior in society
- Examples: chewing with mouth closed, silence in libraries
- Norms guide behavior and establish social order
- Cultural values influence the development of norms
- Norms vary across cultures
Types of Norms
-
Folkways: Informal daily behaviors, traditions
- Example: facing forward on an elevator
-
Mores: More serious norms tied to cultural values
- Example: completing homework assignments
-
Laws: Formal norms enforced by authority, often with legal consequences
- Example: Drinking age of 21 years in the US
-
Taboos: Strongest norms, violation is considered morally reprehensible
- Example: Cannibalism
Sanctions
- Sanctions are tools used to control behavior and encourage compliance with norms
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Positive Sanctions: Rewards for upholding norms
- Example: Giving a child candy for being quiet in a store
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Negative Sanctions: Punishments for violating norms
- Example: Scolding a child for yelling in a store
-
Formal Sanctions: Codified within societal institutions (laws, policies)
- Example: Termination for repeated absences from work
-
Informal Sanctions: Not codified, enforced by social groups
- Example: Shunning someone for marital infidelity
Anomie
- Anomie is a state of normlessness
- Occurs when existing norms are challenged but not replaced
- Leads to a sense of aimlessness and disconnection from society
- Often results from societal shifts or transitions
- Example: The Industrial Revolution caused a shift from rural to urban living, leading to anomie
Deviance
- Deviance refers to acts or beliefs that violate societal norms
- Includes behaviors that are uncommon, off-putting, egregious or criminal
- Definitions of deviance are context-specific and change over time
- Example: Killing a family member is considered murder, but killing an enemy in war is considered heroic
Perspectives on Deviance
-
Differential Association Theory: Deviance is learned through interactions with others
- Example: New gang members learn to carry illegal firearms as "normal" behavior
-
Labeling Theory: Deviance lies in the social response of applying a deviant label to individuals
- Primary Deviance: Initial act considered deviant, but usually mild
-
Secondary Deviance: Deviance that results from internalization of the deviant label and often more serious
- Example: An individual convicted of a crime may be stigmatized, leading to further deviant behavior
Kinship
- Kinship refers to the relationships between individuals in society
- Consanguineal: Related through genetics (biological parents)
- Affinal: Related through marriage (spouses)
- Fictive: Related through chosen social ties (adopted children, godparents, close friends)
Family Forms
- Family forms describe the structure of a family group
- Traditional: Nuclear family with a breadwinner father and homemaker mother
-
Diverse: Various combinations of family members
- Example: Single parents, same-sex couples, stepfamilies, blended families
Abuse in the Family
- Abuse within families can take many forms: physical, sexual, emotional, neglect, isolation
- Child Abuse: Mistreatment and neglect of children
- Spousal Abuse: Harassing or harmful behaviors toward a partner
Medicine
- Medicine is the social institution focused on promoting health
- Definitions of health and healing vary across cultures
- Traditional Chinese Medicine: Health is balance of Qi (vital life force), healing uses acupuncture, herbs
- Biomedicine (Western): Health is absence of disease, healing uses medical technologies and pharmaceuticals
Medicalization
- Medicalization is the process of defining behaviors or characteristics as medical conditions
- Example: Menopause viewed as hormonal deficiency treatable with pharmaceuticals
-
Positive Outcomes: Treatment, awareness, funding for conditions
- Example: Medicalization of PTSD led to treatment options for veterans
- Negative Outcomes: Side effects of medication, stigmatization
Sick Role
- Sick role describes social expectations surrounding illness
- Rights: Exemption from social roles, excused from responsibilities while sick
- Obligations: Seek help from medical professionals, comply with treatment regimens
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of social norms, sanctions, and anomie. It covers the different types of norms, how sanctions promote compliance, and what happens in a state of normlessness. Test your understanding of these foundational sociological concepts.
