152 Questions
What determines outcomes at the group level according to the text?
Group members
What loss occurs when group members are not optimally motivated?
Motivation loss
What determines the potential performance of a group according to the text?
Group member resources and task demands
Which dimension is part of the framework for group performance described in the text?
Process dimension
What are affective outcomes as defined in the text?
Reactions of entities toward other entities or toward the task
What happens when group members do not combine their contributions optimally according to the text?
Coordination loss
How is actual performance calculated based on the text?
Potential performance - Process loss
Which factor might be incompatible with overall group goals based on the text?
Group members' individual goals
What can lead to a final product better than what individual group members could create on their own according to the text?
Right combination of people in a group
What is a key factor underlying motivation loss according to the text?
Lack of identifiability of contributions
How can social loafing be eliminated?
By making individual contributions identifiable
What predicts that people will perform well when they expect favorable outcomes?
Self-efficacy theory
In what situation does choking occur according to the self-efficacy theory?
When expecting criticism
What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?
Free riding
In what scenario do participants who could be evaluated perform better than those who could not on a simple task?
On a simple task
How does the self-efficacy theory explain the difference in performance between participants who can and cannot be evaluated?
By considering outcome expectancies and self-efficacy
What can attenuate or eliminate social loafing even when contributions cannot be evaluated?
Attractive or involving tasks
What is essential for evaluation according to the text?
Standard for performance judgment
According to the theory mentioned, what is assumed to result in high motivation?
High expectancy, high instrumentality, and positive value
What additional steps are included in the group context mentioned in the text?
The relation between personal performance and group performance
How does the expectancy-value account described in the text view motivation?
It assumes people are motivated by valued outcomes
What is emphasized in recent research on group expertise according to the text?
It is important for groups to identify their expert members
What complicates the process of identifying and utilizing members' expertise in groups?
Social and interpersonal processes
What does the paper mentioned mainly focus on?
The processes of identifying expert members in groups
What type of perspective is highlighted in Bunderson's work about recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups?
A status characteristics perspective
What is the key factor that leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions according to the text?
Identifying and utilizing members' expertise
What is one of the challenges faced by work groups due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge?
Inability to identify experts
What is a potential way to eliminate social loafing according to the text?
Ensuring individual contributions are identifiable
Which theory predicts that people will perform well when they anticipate favorable outcomes like praise?
Self-efficacy theory
What factor does the self-efficacy theory suggest leads to people performing poorly when they anticipate criticism?
Expecting unfavorable outcomes
What scenario results in participants who could be evaluated performing worse on a difficult task?
When the task is complex
What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?
'Free-riding' motivation loss
Which factor can attenuate or eliminate social loafing even in the absence of individual contribution evaluation?
Attractive, involving, or interesting tasks
What determines whether social facilitation and social loafing occur according to the text?
Evaluation of individual contributions
What type of task performance improvement is observed when comparing participants who could and could not be evaluated on a simple task?
'Positive' performance difference
What does the theory assume about motivation?
Motivation is high when expectancy is high, instrumentality is high, and value is positive.
What does the expectancy-value account mentioned in the text assume about motivation?
People are motivated only if they receive valued outcomes.
What challenge do work groups face due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge according to the text?
Identifying and utilizing members' expertise effectively.
In recent research on group expertise, what has been identified as a key theme for better group performance?
Allowing expert members to influence the group process.
What is a non-trivial process complicating the identification and utilization of group members' expertise according to the text?
Several social and interpersonal processes.
What leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions in work groups?
Identifying experts and allowing them to influence the group process.
What do groups in recent research perform better at according to the text?
(1) Identifying their expert members and (2) allowing those experts to influence the group process.
What complicates the process of identifying experts in work groups according to past research highlighted in the text?
(1) Several social and interpersonal processes (2) heterogeneity of distributed knowledge.
What is the main focus of the study mentioned in the text?
Psychological processes behind interpersonal harming
In team member dyads, when is an actor's upward performance comparison associated with more harming of the target?
When the team has fewer cooperative goals and low future performance similarity expected
Where is a significant portion of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior located according to the study?
Members' dyadic relations
When does the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming in teams with less cooperative goals become negative?
When future performance similarity is high
According to the study, what moderates the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming in team member dyads?
Cooperative team goals
What theoretical concept was used to explain the psychological processes leading to interpersonal harming?
Social comparison theory
In which type of groups was the relationship between upwards comparison and harming found to be negative?
Groups with low cooperation and high future similarity expectations
Social facilitation effects are more likely to occur when:
The audience can evaluate the participants' task performance
What distinguishes the distraction conflict theory from self-efficacy theory in terms of the effects of the presence of others?
Self-efficacy theory links presence of others to positive outcomes, while distraction conflict theory emphasizes attention impairment
In terms of self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?
The belief that a person is capable of performing a required behavior
What does the Distraction Conflict Theory suggest happens when attention is divided between an audience and a task?
Impairment of simple responses and facilitation of complex responses
What is the main impact of high self-efficacy on an individual's task expectations?
Expecting positive outcomes at the task
How does the distraction conflict theory explain the phenomenon of social facilitation and inhibition?
By proposing that attentional conflict plays a key role in performance effects
What distinguishes efficacy expectancy from outcome expectancy according to self-efficacy theory?
Efficacy expectancy reflects belief in one's capability, while outcome expectancy reflects belief in behavior results
What does Distraction conflict theory propose as the reason behind social facilitation and inhibition?
Presence of an audience or co-actors resulting in attentional conflict
According to Cottrel et al., when does the social facilitation effect occur?
When the audience can watch the participant
What distinguishes Self-efficacy theory from other theories mentioned in the text?
Involves efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy
According to Self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?
A person’s belief in their capability to perform a task
What does Self-efficacy theory suggest about high self-efficacy individuals?
They generally expect to succeed at the task
How does Social facilitation effect vary based on an audience according to the text?
Only occurs when the audience can evaluate the participant's task performance
What is one implication of an attentional conflict according to Distraction conflict theory?
Facilitation of simple responses and impairment of complex responses
What is suggested about the effects of the presence of others based on Sanna's argument?
Associated with approval and disapproval outcomes
What happens when attention is divided between performing a task and external stimuli?
Simple responses are facilitated while complex responses are impaired
According to Zajonc's drive theory, the presence of others increases generalized drive or arousal, which enhances all of the following EXCEPT:
Accuracy
What did Bond and Titus discover regarding Zajonc's theory about arousal due to the presence of others?
The effect of presence on arousal is minimal, more so in complex tasks.
In what type of tasks does Zajonc's drive theory suggest that the dominant response would generally be inappropriate?
New and complex tasks
According to Zajonc's drive theory, what happens when the dominant response is incorrect or inappropriate for a given situation?
It can lead to performance deterioration.
What aspect of group performance is influenced by the mere presence of others according to Zajonc's drive theory?
Individual task performance
Which part of Zajonc's drive theory was found to have a very small effect by Bond and Titus?
The arousal induced by mere presence
In what type of task would the enhanced drive from the presence of others likely lead to performance deterioration?
Complex and unfamiliar tasks
'The presence of others sometimes leads to improved performance (social facilitation) and sometimes to deteriorated performance (social inhibition)' - Which theoretical concept aligns with this observation?
'Yerkes-Dodson' law of arousal
What is the main focus of the expert influence approach in group expertise?
Recognizing expert members
What does Lam et al.'s study contradict regarding influence in groups?
Members who get the most influence win the 'struggle for dominance'
What increases the chances of groups identifying expert members better?
Receiving feedback on performance
According to Lam et al., what is interpersonal harming primarily a result of?
A relationship between two co-workers
How does the transactive memory approach contribute to group task performance?
By enhancing utilization of shared expertise
What does Lam et al.'s study contribute to understanding about interpersonal harming?
The role of social comparison processes
How does Lam et al.'s study view interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads?
As a dyadic phenomenon
What happens when group members lack cues about who might know what in the distributive knowledge approach?
Members rely on shared information
What is unique about the approach of Lam et al.'s study in examining interpersonal harming?
Use of social comparison theory
Which theory emphasizes that groups improve decision quality when cues about individual expertise are given?
Distributive knowledge approach
Why are groups initially poor at identifying experts according to the text?
Focus on status instead of expertise
How does Lam et al.'s study contribute to understanding workplace behavior?
By taking a dyadic perspective
What does Lam et al.'s study aim to explore in relation to interpersonal harming?
The role of social comparison processes
What principle from the status characteristics theory guides group expertise processes?
Performance expectations
What is one key contribution of Lam et al.'s study to workplace research?
'Social comparison theory'
How do groups improve their recognition of expert members over time according to the text?
By receiving performance feedback on members
'Harming high performers' discusses interpersonal harming in work teams from a perspective that focuses on:
The team's cooperative goals
What aspect of the expert influence approach leads to better group decisions?
Recognition and influence of experts
What concept explains the motivation loss that occurs when group members exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone?
Social loafing
Which theory suggests that people are motivated to perform upward social comparisons and compare themselves with others who are slightly better than themselves?
Social comparison theory
What type of loss contributes to the Ringelmann effect, where the actual group performance is below its potential performance?
Coordination losses
In the context of social comparison theory, when is a person likely to compete with a co-actor who is performing slightly better?
When the co-actor is slightly better
What is the term used to define the reduction of effort when working in a group compared to working alone?
Social loafing
What does the social comparison theory propose motivates people to compare their performance with similar others?
'Measuring up' drive
What type of loss occurs when group members exert less effort in a group setting compared to when they are working individually?
Motivation loss
How does low self-efficacy affect performance according to the provided text?
Results in performance decrements
What is the main focus of the expert influence approach in group expertise?
Exploring how experts can influence group decisions
How does the status characteristics theory contribute to explaining group expertise processes?
By suggesting that performance expectations influence group dynamics
What are the two types of status cues mentioned in the text?
Specific status cues and diffuse status cues
What is a common misconception that leads to poor identification of experts in groups?
Dominance is an accurate indicator of expertise
What determines the increase in performance expectations from others towards a person?
The person's status characteristics
How does the distributive knowledge approach suggest group decision quality can be improved?
By providing cues about individual expertise
What are the mediation hypotheses formed based on according to the text?
The relation between group decisions and expert influence
According to findings, what helps groups better identify expert members over time?
Positive feedback on members' performance
How does the status characteristics theory suggest decision quality increases in groups?
By recognizing and utilizing individual expertise
What aspect of the transactive memory approach enhances task performance in groups?
Shared knowledge of who knows what
In the context of group expertise, what do specific status cues relate to?
Competence in well-defined tasks
3
Expectancy-value account
What do social interactions help people learn about, according to the text?
Which personal characteristics are associated with task competence
Why is it important to recognize and utilize expertise within a group, as mentioned in the text?
To enhance decision quality and performance
What role do job-related and social-category characteristics play in varying status relations between groups, according to the text?
Varying depending on group context characteristics
What distinguishes the social facilitation effect according to Cottrel et al.?
It occurs when the audience can evaluate the participants' task performance.
What does Distraction Conflict Theory suggest as the reason behind social facilitation and inhibition?
An attentional conflict resulting from dividing attention between the task and audience.
In Self-efficacy theory, what is efficacy expectancy related to?
Belief in one's capability to perform a required behavior.
According to Sanna, what outcomes are associated with the presence of others?
Positive and negative outcomes like approval and disapproval.
What leads to facilitation of simple responses and impairment of complex responses according to Distraction Conflict Theory?
Dividing attention between performing the task and audience presence.
What distinguishes Self-efficacy theory from Distraction Conflict Theory regarding the effects of others' presence?
Self-efficacy theory emphasizes belief in one's capability, while Distraction Conflict Theory focuses on social comparison.
What is the main difference between Social Facilitation effect and Distraction Conflict Theory?
Social facilitation occurs when an audience evaluates task performance.
What does Self-efficacy theory distinguish between to understand behavior outcomes?
Distinguishes between efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy.
What is the main focus of Lam et al.'s study on interpersonal harming in work teams?
Examining interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon
How does Lam et al.'s study contribute to workplace research?
By exploring interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon
What does Lam et al.'s study address regarding harmful behavior directed within work teams?
Role of social comparison processes in co-worker relationships
What is the key contribution of Lam et al.'s study to workplace research?
Using social comparison theory in exploring workplace phenomena
How does Lam et al.'s study differ from previous research on interpersonal harming according to the text?
Examines the role of social comparison processes in dyadic relationships
What perspective does Lam et al.'s study offer on intragroup influence and harmful behavior?
'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition
How does Lam et al.'s study challenge common perspectives on influencing groups according to the text?
'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition
In Lam et al.'s study, what is considered a boundary condition for the role of social comparison processes in interpersonal harming?
'Struggle for influence' based on team cooperation
'Harming high performers: A social comparison perspective on interpersonal harming in work teams' primarily focuses on which aspect of team dynamics?
'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition
Explain the relationship between group members and group tasks in determining group performance.
The combination of group members and group tasks determines group performance.
What are the two types of loss that can occur in group processes?
Motivation loss and coordination loss.
How is actual performance calculated according to the text?
Actual performance = potential performance - process loss.
What determines the potential performance of a group?
Group member resources and task demands determine potential performance.
What are the dimensions of the framework for group performance described in the text?
Group members, group tasks, group interaction processes, group output, and group context.
According to the status characteristics theory, what are the two different types of status cues mentioned in the text?
Specific status cues and diffuse status cues
What are the three theoretical implications discussed in the text regarding the influence of job-related and social-category characteristics on status relations in groups?
- Variability between groups, 2) Importance of field studies, 3) Influence of group context on expertise
How does the status characteristics theory guide group expertise processes?
By stating that performance and decision quality increase when experts have more influence over group decisions
What complicates the process of identifying and utilizing members' expertise in groups, according to the text?
The heterogeneity of distributed knowledge
In what scenario are social facilitation effects more likely to occur, as mentioned in the text?
When the dominant response is simple
What combinations of social comparison lead to positive effects according to the text?
Downwards contrasting and upwards assimilating
What combinations of social comparison lead to negative effects according to the text?
Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting
What term is used to define a team-level construct reflecting members' shared belief that their individual goals are positively interdependent?
Cooperative goals
What can lead to less interpersonal harming within highly cooperative team goals according to the text?
Rather assimilative comparisons than contrasting comparisons
What is expected to result in interpersonal harming because it leads to a so-called identity threat?
Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting
What are the joint moderators that were found to influence the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming in team member dyads?
cooperative team goals and expectations of future performance similarity
In what type of teams did the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming become negative when the actor expects high future performance similarity?
teams with less cooperative goals
Where was a significant portion of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior found to be located?
in members' dyadic relations
What theoretical concept did this study use to provide new insights on the psychological processes that lead to interpersonal harming?
social comparison theory
What percentage of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior was attributed to members' dyadic relations?
45%
Explore the concept of social loafing in group projects, how it can be eliminated, and factors that can attenuate or eliminate it. Learn about the importance of making individual contributions identifiable and having evaluation standards in place for performance judgment.
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