Social Loafing in Group Projects
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Questions and Answers

What determines outcomes at the group level according to the text?

  • Group processes
  • Group context
  • Group output
  • Group members (correct)

    • What loss occurs when group members are not optimally motivated?

  • Performance loss
  • Process loss
  • Coordination loss
  • Motivation loss (correct)

    • What determines the potential performance of a group according to the text?

  • Individual goals and group tasks
  • Group member resources and task demands (correct)
  • Group interactions and group context
  • Group processes and group outputs

    • Which dimension is part of the framework for group performance described in the text?

    <p>Process dimension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are affective outcomes as defined in the text?

    <p>Reactions of entities toward other entities or toward the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when group members do not combine their contributions optimally according to the text?

    <p>Coordination loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is actual performance calculated based on the text?

    <p>Potential performance - Process loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor might be incompatible with overall group goals based on the text?

    <p>Group members' individual goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to a final product better than what individual group members could create on their own according to the text?

    <p>Right combination of people in a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor underlying motivation loss according to the text?

    <p>Lack of identifiability of contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can social loafing be eliminated?

    <p>By making individual contributions identifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts that people will perform well when they expect favorable outcomes?

    <p>Self-efficacy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation does choking occur according to the self-efficacy theory?

    <p>When expecting criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?

    <p>Free riding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario do participants who could be evaluated perform better than those who could not on a simple task?

    <p>On a simple task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the self-efficacy theory explain the difference in performance between participants who can and cannot be evaluated?

    <p>By considering outcome expectancies and self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can attenuate or eliminate social loafing even when contributions cannot be evaluated?

    <p>Attractive or involving tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for evaluation according to the text?

    <p>Standard for performance judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory mentioned, what is assumed to result in high motivation?

    <p>High expectancy, high instrumentality, and positive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional steps are included in the group context mentioned in the text?

    <p>The relation between personal performance and group performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the expectancy-value account described in the text view motivation?

    <p>It assumes people are motivated by valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in recent research on group expertise according to the text?

    <p>It is important for groups to identify their expert members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the process of identifying and utilizing members' expertise in groups?

    <p>Social and interpersonal processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the paper mentioned mainly focus on?

    <p>The processes of identifying expert members in groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of perspective is highlighted in Bunderson's work about recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups?

    <p>A status characteristics perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions according to the text?

    <p>Identifying and utilizing members' expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges faced by work groups due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge?

    <p>Inability to identify experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential way to eliminate social loafing according to the text?

    <p>Ensuring individual contributions are identifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory predicts that people will perform well when they anticipate favorable outcomes like praise?

    <p>Self-efficacy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does the self-efficacy theory suggest leads to people performing poorly when they anticipate criticism?

    <p>Expecting unfavorable outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scenario results in participants who could be evaluated performing worse on a difficult task?

    <p>When the task is complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?

    <p>'Free-riding' motivation loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can attenuate or eliminate social loafing even in the absence of individual contribution evaluation?

    <p>Attractive, involving, or interesting tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether social facilitation and social loafing occur according to the text?

    <p>Evaluation of individual contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of task performance improvement is observed when comparing participants who could and could not be evaluated on a simple task?

    <p>'Positive' performance difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory assume about motivation?

    <p>Motivation is high when expectancy is high, instrumentality is high, and value is positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectancy-value account mentioned in the text assume about motivation?

    <p>People are motivated only if they receive valued outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do work groups face due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge according to the text?

    <p>Identifying and utilizing members' expertise effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In recent research on group expertise, what has been identified as a key theme for better group performance?

    <p>Allowing expert members to influence the group process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-trivial process complicating the identification and utilization of group members' expertise according to the text?

    <p>Several social and interpersonal processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions in work groups?

    <p>Identifying experts and allowing them to influence the group process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do groups in recent research perform better at according to the text?

    <p>(1) Identifying their expert members and (2) allowing those experts to influence the group process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the process of identifying experts in work groups according to past research highlighted in the text?

    <p>(1) Several social and interpersonal processes (2) heterogeneity of distributed knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>Psychological processes behind interpersonal harming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In team member dyads, when is an actor's upward performance comparison associated with more harming of the target?

    <p>When the team has fewer cooperative goals and low future performance similarity expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is a significant portion of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior located according to the study?

    <p>Members' dyadic relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming in teams with less cooperative goals become negative?

    <p>When future performance similarity is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study, what moderates the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming in team member dyads?

    <p>Cooperative team goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical concept was used to explain the psychological processes leading to interpersonal harming?

    <p>Social comparison theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of groups was the relationship between upwards comparison and harming found to be negative?

    <p>Groups with low cooperation and high future similarity expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social facilitation effects are more likely to occur when:

    <p>The audience can evaluate the participants' task performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the distraction conflict theory from self-efficacy theory in terms of the effects of the presence of others?

    <p>Self-efficacy theory links presence of others to positive outcomes, while distraction conflict theory emphasizes attention impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?

    <p>The belief that a person is capable of performing a required behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Distraction Conflict Theory suggest happens when attention is divided between an audience and a task?

    <p>Impairment of simple responses and facilitation of complex responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of high self-efficacy on an individual's task expectations?

    <p>Expecting positive outcomes at the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distraction conflict theory explain the phenomenon of social facilitation and inhibition?

    <p>By proposing that attentional conflict plays a key role in performance effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes efficacy expectancy from outcome expectancy according to self-efficacy theory?

    <p>Efficacy expectancy reflects belief in one's capability, while outcome expectancy reflects belief in behavior results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Distraction conflict theory propose as the reason behind social facilitation and inhibition?

    <p>Presence of an audience or co-actors resulting in attentional conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cottrel et al., when does the social facilitation effect occur?

    <p>When the audience can watch the participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Self-efficacy theory from other theories mentioned in the text?

    <p>Involves efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?

    <p>A person’s belief in their capability to perform a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Self-efficacy theory suggest about high self-efficacy individuals?

    <p>They generally expect to succeed at the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Social facilitation effect vary based on an audience according to the text?

    <p>Only occurs when the audience can evaluate the participant's task performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of an attentional conflict according to Distraction conflict theory?

    <p>Facilitation of simple responses and impairment of complex responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the effects of the presence of others based on Sanna's argument?

    <p>Associated with approval and disapproval outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when attention is divided between performing a task and external stimuli?

    <p>Simple responses are facilitated while complex responses are impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Zajonc's drive theory, the presence of others increases generalized drive or arousal, which enhances all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bond and Titus discover regarding Zajonc's theory about arousal due to the presence of others?

    <p>The effect of presence on arousal is minimal, more so in complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of tasks does Zajonc's drive theory suggest that the dominant response would generally be inappropriate?

    <p>New and complex tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Zajonc's drive theory, what happens when the dominant response is incorrect or inappropriate for a given situation?

    <p>It can lead to performance deterioration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of group performance is influenced by the mere presence of others according to Zajonc's drive theory?

    <p>Individual task performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of Zajonc's drive theory was found to have a very small effect by Bond and Titus?

    <p>The arousal induced by mere presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of task would the enhanced drive from the presence of others likely lead to performance deterioration?

    <p>Complex and unfamiliar tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The presence of others sometimes leads to improved performance (social facilitation) and sometimes to deteriorated performance (social inhibition)' - Which theoretical concept aligns with this observation?

    <p>'Yerkes-Dodson' law of arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the expert influence approach in group expertise?

    <p>Recognizing expert members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lam et al.'s study contradict regarding influence in groups?

    <p>Members who get the most influence win the 'struggle for dominance'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the chances of groups identifying expert members better?

    <p>Receiving feedback on performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lam et al., what is interpersonal harming primarily a result of?

    <p>A relationship between two co-workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the transactive memory approach contribute to group task performance?

    <p>By enhancing utilization of shared expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lam et al.'s study contribute to understanding about interpersonal harming?

    <p>The role of social comparison processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lam et al.'s study view interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads?

    <p>As a dyadic phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when group members lack cues about who might know what in the distributive knowledge approach?

    <p>Members rely on shared information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the approach of Lam et al.'s study in examining interpersonal harming?

    <p>Use of social comparison theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that groups improve decision quality when cues about individual expertise are given?

    <p>Distributive knowledge approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are groups initially poor at identifying experts according to the text?

    <p>Focus on status instead of expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lam et al.'s study contribute to understanding workplace behavior?

    <p>By taking a dyadic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lam et al.'s study aim to explore in relation to interpersonal harming?

    <p>The role of social comparison processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle from the status characteristics theory guides group expertise processes?

    <p>Performance expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key contribution of Lam et al.'s study to workplace research?

    <p>'Social comparison theory'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do groups improve their recognition of expert members over time according to the text?

    <p>By receiving performance feedback on members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Harming high performers' discusses interpersonal harming in work teams from a perspective that focuses on:

    <p>The team's cooperative goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the expert influence approach leads to better group decisions?

    <p>Recognition and influence of experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains the motivation loss that occurs when group members exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone?

    <p>Social loafing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that people are motivated to perform upward social comparisons and compare themselves with others who are slightly better than themselves?

    <p>Social comparison theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of loss contributes to the Ringelmann effect, where the actual group performance is below its potential performance?

    <p>Coordination losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social comparison theory, when is a person likely to compete with a co-actor who is performing slightly better?

    <p>When the co-actor is slightly better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to define the reduction of effort when working in a group compared to working alone?

    <p>Social loafing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social comparison theory propose motivates people to compare their performance with similar others?

    <p>'Measuring up' drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of loss occurs when group members exert less effort in a group setting compared to when they are working individually?

    <p>Motivation loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low self-efficacy affect performance according to the provided text?

    <p>Results in performance decrements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the expert influence approach in group expertise?

    <p>Exploring how experts can influence group decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the status characteristics theory contribute to explaining group expertise processes?

    <p>By suggesting that performance expectations influence group dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of status cues mentioned in the text?

    <p>Specific status cues and diffuse status cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception that leads to poor identification of experts in groups?

    <p>Dominance is an accurate indicator of expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the increase in performance expectations from others towards a person?

    <p>The person's status characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distributive knowledge approach suggest group decision quality can be improved?

    <p>By providing cues about individual expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mediation hypotheses formed based on according to the text?

    <p>The relation between group decisions and expert influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to findings, what helps groups better identify expert members over time?

    <p>Positive feedback on members' performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the status characteristics theory suggest decision quality increases in groups?

    <p>By recognizing and utilizing individual expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the transactive memory approach enhances task performance in groups?

    <p>Shared knowledge of who knows what</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of group expertise, what do specific status cues relate to?

    <p>Competence in well-defined tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    3

    <p>Expectancy-value account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do social interactions help people learn about, according to the text?

    <p>Which personal characteristics are associated with task competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to recognize and utilize expertise within a group, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To enhance decision quality and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do job-related and social-category characteristics play in varying status relations between groups, according to the text?

    <p>Varying depending on group context characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the social facilitation effect according to Cottrel et al.?

    <p>It occurs when the audience can evaluate the participants' task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Distraction Conflict Theory suggest as the reason behind social facilitation and inhibition?

    <p>An attentional conflict resulting from dividing attention between the task and audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Self-efficacy theory, what is efficacy expectancy related to?

    <p>Belief in one's capability to perform a required behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sanna, what outcomes are associated with the presence of others?

    <p>Positive and negative outcomes like approval and disapproval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to facilitation of simple responses and impairment of complex responses according to Distraction Conflict Theory?

    <p>Dividing attention between performing the task and audience presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Self-efficacy theory from Distraction Conflict Theory regarding the effects of others' presence?

    <p>Self-efficacy theory emphasizes belief in one's capability, while Distraction Conflict Theory focuses on social comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Social Facilitation effect and Distraction Conflict Theory?

    <p>Social facilitation occurs when an audience evaluates task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Self-efficacy theory distinguish between to understand behavior outcomes?

    <p>Distinguishes between efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Lam et al.'s study on interpersonal harming in work teams?

    <p>Examining interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lam et al.'s study contribute to workplace research?

    <p>By exploring interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lam et al.'s study address regarding harmful behavior directed within work teams?

    <p>Role of social comparison processes in co-worker relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key contribution of Lam et al.'s study to workplace research?

    <p>Using social comparison theory in exploring workplace phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lam et al.'s study differ from previous research on interpersonal harming according to the text?

    <p>Examines the role of social comparison processes in dyadic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective does Lam et al.'s study offer on intragroup influence and harmful behavior?

    <p>'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lam et al.'s study challenge common perspectives on influencing groups according to the text?

    <p>'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lam et al.'s study, what is considered a boundary condition for the role of social comparison processes in interpersonal harming?

    <p>'Struggle for influence' based on team cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Harming high performers: A social comparison perspective on interpersonal harming in work teams' primarily focuses on which aspect of team dynamics?

    <p>'Struggle for influence' based on expertise recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the relationship between group members and group tasks in determining group performance.

    <p>The combination of group members and group tasks determines group performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of loss that can occur in group processes?

    <p>Motivation loss and coordination loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is actual performance calculated according to the text?

    <p>Actual performance = potential performance - process loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the potential performance of a group?

    <p>Group member resources and task demands determine potential performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dimensions of the framework for group performance described in the text?

    <p>Group members, group tasks, group interaction processes, group output, and group context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the status characteristics theory, what are the two different types of status cues mentioned in the text?

    <p>Specific status cues and diffuse status cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three theoretical implications discussed in the text regarding the influence of job-related and social-category characteristics on status relations in groups?

    <ol> <li>Variability between groups, 2) Importance of field studies, 3) Influence of group context on expertise</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the status characteristics theory guide group expertise processes?

    <p>By stating that performance and decision quality increase when experts have more influence over group decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the process of identifying and utilizing members' expertise in groups, according to the text?

    <p>The heterogeneity of distributed knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario are social facilitation effects more likely to occur, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>When the dominant response is simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combinations of social comparison lead to positive effects according to the text?

    <p>Downwards contrasting and upwards assimilating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combinations of social comparison lead to negative effects according to the text?

    <p>Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to define a team-level construct reflecting members' shared belief that their individual goals are positively interdependent?

    <p>Cooperative goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to less interpersonal harming within highly cooperative team goals according to the text?

    <p>Rather assimilative comparisons than contrasting comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to result in interpersonal harming because it leads to a so-called identity threat?

    <p>Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the joint moderators that were found to influence the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming in team member dyads?

    <p>cooperative team goals and expectations of future performance similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of teams did the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming become negative when the actor expects high future performance similarity?

    <p>teams with less cooperative goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was a significant portion of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior found to be located?

    <p>in members' dyadic relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical concept did this study use to provide new insights on the psychological processes that lead to interpersonal harming?

    <p>social comparison theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior was attributed to members' dyadic relations?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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