Social Influence and Views on Homosexuality

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Questions and Answers

According to Paquette's research, what is a characteristic of fathers' influence on their children's behavior?

Fathers prioritize emotional comfort and security over physical activity.

Fathers encourage more cautious and reserved behavior.

Fathers tend to promote a sense of independence and exploration. (correct)

Fathers discourage risk-taking behaviors to ensure safety.

Harlow's research using rhesus monkeys demonstrated that infant monkeys primarily sought comfort and security from the wire mother, which provided food.

False

What was the main difference in interaction style observed between mothers and fathers in Lamb's research on attachment?

Lamb observed that fathers tend to engage in more playful and stimulating interactions with their children, while mothers are often the preferred source of comfort in times of distress. Both roles are equally important for a child's well-being.

According to Schaffer and Emerson's research, approximately ______% of infants had formed an attachment with their father by the age of 18 months.

75 Signup and view all the answers

Match the researcher with their respective finding related to father's role in attachment:

Schaffer and Emerson = Fathers are more likely to foster risk-taking behavior in their children. Paquette = 75% of infants had formed an attachment with their father at 18 months. Lamb = Fathers tend to be involved in playful interactions, giving the child stimulation. Harlow = Used rhesus monkeys to study the role of comfort in attachment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a process that facilitates minority influence?

Augmentation Signup and view all the answers

Social support can enhance obedience in students towards their teacher.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Temporary storage of visual and spatial information Signup and view all the answers

The multi-store model is affected by __________ interference when new information disrupts the recall of old information.

retroactive Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of Zimbardo's study with their descriptions:

Prisoners = Referred to by a number Guards = Wore reflective sunglasses Duration of Study = Planned for 2 weeks, lasted 6 days Random allocation = Ensured no pre-existing traits influenced behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by a desire to be right, especially in ambiguous situations?

Informational social influence Signup and view all the answers

Zimbardo's study faced ethical issues, including lack of informed consent.

True Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the snowball effect have in the context of social change?

It refers to the process where a small change grows into a larger one as more people become involved. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Godden and Baddeley underwater study suggest about forgetting?

Lack of cues is a valid explanation for forgetting. Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, memory recall is equally effective in both free recall and recognition tasks.

False Signup and view all the answers

What method did Peterson and Peterson use to investigate short-term memory?

They used trigrams and a distractor task. Signup and view all the answers

In Bahrick's yearbook study, participants were tested ______ years after graduation.

15 to 48 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of attachment with their characteristics:

Indiscriminate stage = Doesn't know separation or stranger anxiety Discriminate stage = Shows separation anxiety and stranger anxiety Multiple attachment stage = Shows separation anxiety with mother and childminder Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of controlled observations in caregiver-infant interaction?

They may be socially sensitive. Signup and view all the answers

Bahrick’s study demonstrated high accuracy in long-term memory recall.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one strength of using controlled environments in psychological research?

They help isolate variables and control extraneous factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social influence research can be used to explain how views on homosexuality change.
Step 1: Define how social influence causes change—e.g., minority influence, majority influence.
Step 2: Apply social influence processes—e.g., minority influence (commitment, consistency, flexibility), conformity (informational social influence), obedience to authority.
Step 3: Explain how social change occurs— attention, cognitive dissonance, augmentation, social cryptomnesia, snowball effect.

Conformity driven by the desire to be correct occurs in ambiguous or difficult situations.
This often leads to permanent changes in views and behaviors.

Factors Influencing Obedience to Authority

Social support, internal locus of control, proximity to authority figures, and location.
The lack of legitimate authority in a location can decrease obedience (e.g., Milgram's research).

Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

24 male volunteers were randomly assigned to roles as guards or prisoners in a simulated prison.
The study was terminated after six days due to the psychological distress of the participants.
Ethical concerns included lack of informed consent and protection from psychological harm.
The study showed the power of situational factors on behavior and the potential for social roles to influence behavior.
Strength: controlled environment, strong internal validity, random allocation ensured that participants acting from pre-existing traits.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A temporary storage system for visual and spatial information.
Holds approximately three to four items.
Includes the inner eye, visual coding.

Episodic Buffer

Integrates information from other stores to create episodes.
Time sequenced, modality free.

Retroactive Interference

Occurs when new information interferes with the retrieval of old information.
Relevant to difficulties recalling the multi-store model.

Retrieval Failure (Context Dependent Memory)

Forgetting due to lack of appropriate cues.
Studies (like Godden and Baddeley) demonstrate context plays a role in retrieval.

Duration of Memory

Short-term memory (STM): Peterson & Peterson trigram task studied duration.
Long-term memory (LTM): Bahrick yearbook study demonstrated accurate recall over time.

Caregiver-Infant Interaction

Research on caregiver-infant interaction can raise concerns about social sensitivity.
Controlled observations provide a strength.
Interactions and sequences involve micro-analysis.

Role of the Father in Attachment

Fathers can play a significant role in attachment.
Studies indicated that fathers often foster risk-taking behavior, or provide playful or stimulating interactions and comfort in times of distress in a child.

Harlow's Attachment Study (Animals)

Used rhesus monkeys.
Monkeys preferred comfort over food.
The findings aren't directly applicable to humans.
Acknowledges the crucial element of comfort in relationships, and the complexity of establishing human factors that go beyond biological needs.

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Description

Explore the dynamics of social influence and how it shapes societal attitudes toward homosexuality. This quiz covers concepts like minority and majority influence, and the processes behind social change. Understand the role of conformity and obedience in altering perceptions and behaviors.