Social Exclusion Key Findings
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes rejection from social exclusion as defined by Blackhart et al. (2009)?

  • Rejection can only happen in groups, while social exclusion can happen individually.
  • Rejection is broader than social exclusion.
  • Rejection is always implicit, while social exclusion is explicit.
  • Rejection involves an attempt to establish a bond, whereas social exclusion does not. (correct)

Which hypothesis suggests that emotional numbness following social exclusion resembles a shock?

  • Coping Mechanism Theory
  • Distress Hypothesis
  • Adaptive Response Theory
  • Numbness Hypothesis (correct)

Why might the impact of acceptance often outweigh the negative effects of exclusion?

  • Exclusion is less meaningful than acceptance.
  • Positive experiences are more frequent than negative ones.
  • Negative events stimulate defensive reactions that prompt coping mechanisms. (correct)
  • Acceptance is always a stronger emotion than rejection.

What role does self-esteem play according to sociometer theory as discussed by Blackhart et al.?

<p>It serves to gauge one’s current social status and acceptance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Blackhart et al., what does the Distress Hypothesis suggest about emotions after rejection?

<p>Rejection causes frustration of basic social needs, increasing negative emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of self-esteem related to terror management theory?

<p>As a response to reminders of mortality and threat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the effect of social exclusion on overall emotional states?

<p>Social exclusion leads to emotional numbing and reduced positive affect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social exclusion, what does 'Terror Management' imply regarding negative events?

<p>The significance of negative events outweighs that of positive events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does social rejection primarily have on individuals' emotions?

<p>It causes a shift toward a neutral or mildly positive emotional state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does acceptance affect self-esteem according to Blackhart et al. (2009)?

<p>Acceptance leads to a modest increase in self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociometer theory suggest about self-esteem?

<p>Self-esteem reflects one's level of social acceptance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Blackhart et al. (2009), what distinguishes rejection from social exclusion?

<p>Rejection involves explicit denial of social contact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis suggests that emotional impact related to rejection may lead to emotional numbing?

<p>Numbness hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the distress hypothesis imply about responses to social exclusion?

<p>Emotional responses are minimal and not immediate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chronic rejection have on an individual's self-esteem?

<p>It leads to low self-esteem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of social exclusion found in the meta-analysis by Blackhart et al. (2009)?

<p>A modest effect on negative emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the effects of acceptance be stronger than those of rejection?

<p>Acceptance leads to significant increases in positive mood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings, why is emotional numbing observed in responses to social exclusion?

<p>It minimizes emotional impact of distress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contextual moderators influence the effects of social rejection?

<p>They help mitigate the emotional impact based on relationship closeness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible emotional outcome for individuals experiencing social rejection?

<p>A shift to a more neutral emotional state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does terror management theory suggest regarding self-esteem and social exclusion?

<p>Social exclusion serves as a reminder of mortality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rejection vs Social Exclusion

Rejection is an active decline of a social bond; social exclusion involves broader isolation.

Numbness Hypothesis

States that emotional numbness is a neutral state after social exclusion, similar to a shock.

Distress Hypothesis

Post-exclusion feelings are negative due to the frustration of the need for social acceptance.

Terror Management

Negative experiences outweigh positive ones, leading to an increased focus on coping strategies.

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Function of Self-Esteem

According to Sociometer theory, self-esteem measures social acceptance and signals social standing.

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Self-Esteem and Terror Management

Self-esteem acts as a defense against mortality reminders, related to social exclusions.

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Negative vs Positive Emotions

The positive impact of acceptance can often better the effects of negative exclusion experiences.

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Meta-Analysis Results

A summary of findings indicating the effects of social exclusion on emotions and behaviors.

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Impact of Rejection

Rejection leads to significant negative emotional shifts compared to acceptance.

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Meta-analysis Findings

Blackhart et al. (2009) found social exclusion modestly raises negative emotions and reduces self-esteem.

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Sociometer Theory

Self-esteem acts as a sociometer, signaling social acceptance or rejection.

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Chronic Rejection Effects

Chronic social rejection is linked to persistent low self-esteem.

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Acceptance Effects

Acceptance generally boosts positive mood and self-esteem more significantly than rejection lowers them.

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Self-Esteem and Social Exclusion

A single social exclusion experience doesn't significantly affect self-esteem; chronic exclusion does.

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Influence of Moderators

The effects of social rejection can be moderated by factors such as relationship closeness and others' salience.

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Self-Esteem and Emotional Responses

Emotional responses to exclusion are nuanced; immediate states may not show overt distress.

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Acceptance vs. Rejection in Emotion

Acceptance results in greater emotional uplift compared to the neutral or mildly negative state brought by rejection.

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Social Exclusion and Motivation

Social exclusion thwarts the basic human need to belong, leading to negative emotions.

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Emotional Numbing

Exclusion may trigger emotional numbing as a defense mechanism against distress.

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Study Notes

Social Exclusion: Key Findings

  • Rejection vs. Exclusion: Rejection is the explicit refusal of a social connection attempt, while exclusion is a broader phenomenon encompassing situations where a person is denied social contact, regardless of initial attempts.

  • Emotional Responses to Exclusion:

    • Numbness Hypothesis: Social exclusion may lead to a state of emotional neutrality, akin to a shock response. This involves a temporary reduction in both positive and negative emotions.
    • Distress Hypothesis: Social exclusion frustrates the fundamental human need for belonging, leading to heightened negative emotions and a reduced positive mood.
  • Acceptance vs. Rejection: The positive effect of acceptance may potentially outweigh the negative effect of rejection due to factors like coping mechanisms and reappraisal strategies.

  • Self-Esteem's Function: Self-esteem, according to the sociometer theory, acts as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It reflects an individual's perceived social standing and responds to perceived social inclusion or exclusion.

Meta-Analysis Results (Blackhart et al., 2009)

  • Negative Emotions: Social exclusion is associated with a shift towards a neutral or slightly negative emotional state, rather than consistently negative emotions. Rejected individuals reported more negative emotions compared to those in an accepted or neutral condition.

  • Self-Esteem: Experimental manipulation of social rejection had little impact on self-esteem. However, acceptance demonstrably bolstered self-esteem. Chronic rejection, however, is linked to low self-esteem.

Theoretical Implications

  • Numbness Hypothesis: Research suggests a tendency towards emotional neutrality following rejection. But, rejected people still reported more negative emotion than accepted people.
  • Distress Hypothesis: Distress doesn't appear to occur immediately during rejection. More subtle shifts towards a neutral affect rather than intense negativity.
  • Terror Management Theory: Social exclusion doesn't necessarily trigger a significant shift in self-esteem.
  • Sociometer Theory: Consistent with the meta-analysis findings that chronic rejection can contribute negatively to self-esteem.

Overall Impact of Social Exclusion

  • Short-term Implications: Social exclusion generally leads to negative affective shifts. However, this impact is often a moderate shift to a neutral instead of strong negative emotions or depression.

  • Long-term Impacts: The meta-analysis suggests that a single instance of social exclusion may have minimal effect on self-esteem, but long-term or chronic rejection can contribute significantly to low self-esteem.

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Description

This quiz explores key findings about social exclusion, including the differences between rejection and exclusion, emotional responses to exclusion, and the role of self-esteem in social acceptance. Delve into hypotheses such as the numbness and distress response to social exclusion. Understand how acceptance influences emotional well-being.

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