Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes rejection from social exclusion as defined by Blackhart et al. (2009)?
What distinguishes rejection from social exclusion as defined by Blackhart et al. (2009)?
- Rejection can only happen in groups, while social exclusion can happen individually.
- Rejection is broader than social exclusion.
- Rejection is always implicit, while social exclusion is explicit.
- Rejection involves an attempt to establish a bond, whereas social exclusion does not. (correct)
Which hypothesis suggests that emotional numbness following social exclusion resembles a shock?
Which hypothesis suggests that emotional numbness following social exclusion resembles a shock?
- Coping Mechanism Theory
- Distress Hypothesis
- Adaptive Response Theory
- Numbness Hypothesis (correct)
Why might the impact of acceptance often outweigh the negative effects of exclusion?
Why might the impact of acceptance often outweigh the negative effects of exclusion?
- Exclusion is less meaningful than acceptance.
- Positive experiences are more frequent than negative ones.
- Negative events stimulate defensive reactions that prompt coping mechanisms. (correct)
- Acceptance is always a stronger emotion than rejection.
What role does self-esteem play according to sociometer theory as discussed by Blackhart et al.?
What role does self-esteem play according to sociometer theory as discussed by Blackhart et al.?
According to Blackhart et al., what does the Distress Hypothesis suggest about emotions after rejection?
According to Blackhart et al., what does the Distress Hypothesis suggest about emotions after rejection?
What is one function of self-esteem related to terror management theory?
What is one function of self-esteem related to terror management theory?
Which of the following best summarizes the effect of social exclusion on overall emotional states?
Which of the following best summarizes the effect of social exclusion on overall emotional states?
In the context of social exclusion, what does 'Terror Management' imply regarding negative events?
In the context of social exclusion, what does 'Terror Management' imply regarding negative events?
What effect does social rejection primarily have on individuals' emotions?
What effect does social rejection primarily have on individuals' emotions?
How does acceptance affect self-esteem according to Blackhart et al. (2009)?
How does acceptance affect self-esteem according to Blackhart et al. (2009)?
What does sociometer theory suggest about self-esteem?
What does sociometer theory suggest about self-esteem?
According to Blackhart et al. (2009), what distinguishes rejection from social exclusion?
According to Blackhart et al. (2009), what distinguishes rejection from social exclusion?
What hypothesis suggests that emotional impact related to rejection may lead to emotional numbing?
What hypothesis suggests that emotional impact related to rejection may lead to emotional numbing?
What does the distress hypothesis imply about responses to social exclusion?
What does the distress hypothesis imply about responses to social exclusion?
What effect does chronic rejection have on an individual's self-esteem?
What effect does chronic rejection have on an individual's self-esteem?
What is one result of social exclusion found in the meta-analysis by Blackhart et al. (2009)?
What is one result of social exclusion found in the meta-analysis by Blackhart et al. (2009)?
Why might the effects of acceptance be stronger than those of rejection?
Why might the effects of acceptance be stronger than those of rejection?
According to the findings, why is emotional numbing observed in responses to social exclusion?
According to the findings, why is emotional numbing observed in responses to social exclusion?
How do contextual moderators influence the effects of social rejection?
How do contextual moderators influence the effects of social rejection?
What is a possible emotional outcome for individuals experiencing social rejection?
What is a possible emotional outcome for individuals experiencing social rejection?
What does terror management theory suggest regarding self-esteem and social exclusion?
What does terror management theory suggest regarding self-esteem and social exclusion?
Flashcards
Rejection vs Social Exclusion
Rejection vs Social Exclusion
Rejection is an active decline of a social bond; social exclusion involves broader isolation.
Numbness Hypothesis
Numbness Hypothesis
States that emotional numbness is a neutral state after social exclusion, similar to a shock.
Distress Hypothesis
Distress Hypothesis
Post-exclusion feelings are negative due to the frustration of the need for social acceptance.
Terror Management
Terror Management
Negative experiences outweigh positive ones, leading to an increased focus on coping strategies.
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Function of Self-Esteem
Function of Self-Esteem
According to Sociometer theory, self-esteem measures social acceptance and signals social standing.
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Self-Esteem and Terror Management
Self-Esteem and Terror Management
Self-esteem acts as a defense against mortality reminders, related to social exclusions.
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Negative vs Positive Emotions
Negative vs Positive Emotions
The positive impact of acceptance can often better the effects of negative exclusion experiences.
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Meta-Analysis Results
Meta-Analysis Results
A summary of findings indicating the effects of social exclusion on emotions and behaviors.
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Impact of Rejection
Impact of Rejection
Rejection leads to significant negative emotional shifts compared to acceptance.
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Meta-analysis Findings
Meta-analysis Findings
Blackhart et al. (2009) found social exclusion modestly raises negative emotions and reduces self-esteem.
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Sociometer Theory
Sociometer Theory
Self-esteem acts as a sociometer, signaling social acceptance or rejection.
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Chronic Rejection Effects
Chronic Rejection Effects
Chronic social rejection is linked to persistent low self-esteem.
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Acceptance Effects
Acceptance Effects
Acceptance generally boosts positive mood and self-esteem more significantly than rejection lowers them.
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Self-Esteem and Social Exclusion
Self-Esteem and Social Exclusion
A single social exclusion experience doesn't significantly affect self-esteem; chronic exclusion does.
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Influence of Moderators
Influence of Moderators
The effects of social rejection can be moderated by factors such as relationship closeness and others' salience.
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Self-Esteem and Emotional Responses
Self-Esteem and Emotional Responses
Emotional responses to exclusion are nuanced; immediate states may not show overt distress.
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Acceptance vs. Rejection in Emotion
Acceptance vs. Rejection in Emotion
Acceptance results in greater emotional uplift compared to the neutral or mildly negative state brought by rejection.
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Social Exclusion and Motivation
Social Exclusion and Motivation
Social exclusion thwarts the basic human need to belong, leading to negative emotions.
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Emotional Numbing
Emotional Numbing
Exclusion may trigger emotional numbing as a defense mechanism against distress.
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Social Exclusion: Key Findings
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Rejection vs. Exclusion: Rejection is the explicit refusal of a social connection attempt, while exclusion is a broader phenomenon encompassing situations where a person is denied social contact, regardless of initial attempts.
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Emotional Responses to Exclusion:
- Numbness Hypothesis: Social exclusion may lead to a state of emotional neutrality, akin to a shock response. This involves a temporary reduction in both positive and negative emotions.
- Distress Hypothesis: Social exclusion frustrates the fundamental human need for belonging, leading to heightened negative emotions and a reduced positive mood.
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Acceptance vs. Rejection: The positive effect of acceptance may potentially outweigh the negative effect of rejection due to factors like coping mechanisms and reappraisal strategies.
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Self-Esteem's Function: Self-esteem, according to the sociometer theory, acts as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It reflects an individual's perceived social standing and responds to perceived social inclusion or exclusion.
Meta-Analysis Results (Blackhart et al., 2009)
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Negative Emotions: Social exclusion is associated with a shift towards a neutral or slightly negative emotional state, rather than consistently negative emotions. Rejected individuals reported more negative emotions compared to those in an accepted or neutral condition.
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Self-Esteem: Experimental manipulation of social rejection had little impact on self-esteem. However, acceptance demonstrably bolstered self-esteem. Chronic rejection, however, is linked to low self-esteem.
Theoretical Implications
- Numbness Hypothesis: Research suggests a tendency towards emotional neutrality following rejection. But, rejected people still reported more negative emotion than accepted people.
- Distress Hypothesis: Distress doesn't appear to occur immediately during rejection. More subtle shifts towards a neutral affect rather than intense negativity.
- Terror Management Theory: Social exclusion doesn't necessarily trigger a significant shift in self-esteem.
- Sociometer Theory: Consistent with the meta-analysis findings that chronic rejection can contribute negatively to self-esteem.
Overall Impact of Social Exclusion
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Short-term Implications: Social exclusion generally leads to negative affective shifts. However, this impact is often a moderate shift to a neutral instead of strong negative emotions or depression.
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Long-term Impacts: The meta-analysis suggests that a single instance of social exclusion may have minimal effect on self-esteem, but long-term or chronic rejection can contribute significantly to low self-esteem.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz explores key findings about social exclusion, including the differences between rejection and exclusion, emotional responses to exclusion, and the role of self-esteem in social acceptance. Delve into hypotheses such as the numbness and distress response to social exclusion. Understand how acceptance influences emotional well-being.