Social Exclusion and Discrimination in Marginalized Communities

Human Life and Culture

• The period of human life measured by years from birth is termed "age."
• A culture's assumptions about the differences between men and women are referred to as "gender roles."
• Asexuality refers to the lack of sexual attraction to others, not to be confused with celibacy or abstaining from sexual activity.

Cultural Identity and Division

• Cultural expression and identification based on geography, customs, language, and history is encapsulated by the term "ethnicity."
• The divide between wealthy developed countries and poor developing countries is known as the "Global North-South Divide."
• The Global North-South Divide is characterized by economic disparity and differing levels of development between regions.

Ethnic Identity in Education

• Recognizing ethnic identities in schools is important for fostering understanding and reducing prejudice among students according to Banks (1988).
• Examples of 'ethnic traits' include language, food, dress, and rituals specific to particular cultures.
• Ethnicity differs from race in that it emphasizes cultural factors over physical characteristics.

Challenges for Ethnic Minorities

• Ethnic minorities face challenges in education, including discrimination and lack of representation in curricula.
• Banks (1988) highlights that children's ethnic identities should be acknowledged and celebrated in education settings.
• Ethnicity is defined by cultural characteristics, while race is often based on physical features.

Academic Performance Scores

• A student receiving a score of 'POOR (2)' likely shows little understanding or effort in their submission.
• A student with a score of 'GOOD (4)' is expected to demonstrate a solid understanding of material and thoroughness in their work.
• A score of 'FAIR (3)' may be given if the student meets minimum requirements but lacks depth or clarity.
• A score of 'VERY POOR (1)' indicates a poor quality of submission, showing minimal effort or comprehension.
• To avoid a score of 'FAIR (3)', a crucial factor is demonstrating a clear understanding and application of concepts.

Gender and Society

• The primary difference between sex and gender is that sex refers to biological differences, while gender pertains to roles and behaviors associated with those biological differences.
• An example of a secondary sex characteristic includes breast development in females or facial hair in males.
• In gender divisions of labor, an example is the stereotype that women are often responsible for caregiving roles.
• A challenge of gender discrimination in the workplace includes unequal pay and opportunities for advancement.
• Societal expectations usually dictate that men assume provider roles while women are expected to take on nurturing roles.
• Gender divisions in society contribute to inequality in social status and access to resources.

Racial Classifications and Historical Perspectives

• 'Mongoloids' is a term historically used to classify people of East Asian descent.
• Racial groups encounter challenges such as systemic racism, discrimination, and socio-economic barriers.
• Cultural expression and identification based on customs, history, language, and religion can be referred to as "cultural identity."
• In some regions, racial classification can often function as a form of class placement, affecting socio-economic mobility.
• Physical characteristics associated with 'Negroids' may include certain skin tones, hair types, and facial features, according to historical classifications.