Chapter 13 - Social Cognition
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Questions and Answers

Which brain area is associated with self-referential processing during self-reflection?

  • Medial prefrontal cortex (correct)
  • Hippocampus
  • Visual cortex
  • Inferior parietal lobule

    • The default network is inactive during self-reflective thought.

    False

    What is the self-reference effect?

    The superior memory for information processed in relation to the self.

    The word 'remember' is used in the _____ condition during self-descriptive assessments.

    <p>autobiographical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-judgment = Decide if a trait is self-descriptive Autobiographical = Recall an instance exhibiting a trait Definition = Define a personality adjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality assessment method requires participants to give an example from their life?

    <p>Autobiographical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One can maintain a sense of self without specific autobiographical memories.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is strongly active during self-reflective thought and judgment assessments?

    <p>The default network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is critical for successful social behavior?

    <p>Prefrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social cognition is the same for everyone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative impact does social isolation during childhood have?

    <p>It negatively affects the neuronal development of areas that support social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefrontal cortex continues to develop through __________.

    <p>adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disorders with their associated social deficits:

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder = Deficits in understanding others' mental states Schizophrenia = Social cognitive deficits Antisocial Personality Disorder = Lack of empathy Neurodevelopmental Disorders = Impaired cognitive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of social deficits in people with neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>Low impulse control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social stress in adults may contribute to neural degeneration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is noted for deficits in social cognitive functions when damaged?

    <p>Orbitofrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior cingulate cortex?

    <p>Attending to positive information about the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theory of mind is solely a learned behavior and not an innate ability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates the feeling of spatial unity of self and body?

    <p>TPJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is key to predicting our state of mind.

    <p>vmPFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories to their descriptions:

    <p>Simulation Theory = Experience sharing theory Theory Theory = Mental state attribution theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the vmPFC is true?

    <p>It enables long-sighted decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mirror neurons are unrelated to empathy and action understanding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two theories proposed regarding how we read the thoughts and intentions of others?

    <p>Experience sharing theory and mental state attribution theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the orbitofrontal cortex play in social decision-making?

    <p>It helps identify appropriate social rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the ventromedial frontal lobe affects the ability to learn from both positive and negative feedback.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innate ability do humans have concerning social contracts?

    <p>The ability to spot violators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the ventromedial frontal lobe disrupts the ability to learn from __________ feedback.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Mirror neurons = Neurons that display actions and feelings of others in oneself. Social knowledge = Understanding the rules and norms of social interactions. Theory of mind = The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. Empathy = The capacity to understand and share the feelings of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is important for learning social knowledge?

    <p>Orbitofrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans are born with a fully developed theory of mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be the evolutionary advantage of having empathy?

    <p>Enhanced social bonding and cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hit rates as the complexity of the task increases?

    <p>Hit rates decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lip actions are easier for participants to identify than hand actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mirror neurons in empathy?

    <p>They provide a neural mechanism for engaging in mental simulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception-action model of empathy assumes that perceiving another person's emotional state of mind automatically activates the same ________ in the observer.

    <p>mental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Empathy = Capacity to understand emotional experiences of others Mirror Neurons = Neural mechanism for mental simulation Hit Rates = Measure of accuracy in selecting the correct response Lip Actions = Type of action harder to identify than hand actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the most complex task described, which object did participants have to choose?

    <p>An object that complemented both the action and the context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An interaction was found between the type of video and the task complexity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did participants choose in the simplest block of the task?

    <p>The image that was in the video.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Cognition

    • Human beings universally perceive themselves as above-average drivers, reflecting a common cognitive bias.

    Anatomical Substrates of Social Cognition

    • No single brain region is dedicated solely to self-perception; interactions occur across various areas.
    • The prefrontal cortex is vital for processing information relevant to social behavior.

    Social Interactions

    • Development of the prefrontal cortex continues into adolescence, emphasizing the importance of early social experiences.
    • Childhood social isolation negatively affects neuronal development, leading to long-term social deficits.
    • Social stress impacts brain health in both children and adults, contributing to emotional and social dysfunction.

    Social Behavioral Deficits

    • Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism, schizophrenia) show deficits in understanding mental states.
    • Antisocial personality disorder may involve impaired cognitive control and empathy.

    Self-Referential Processing

    • Different conditions (self-judgment, autobiographical, definition) lead to distinct self-assessment methods.
    • The medial prefrontal cortex enhances memory for self-relevant information, showing the self-reference effect.

    Predicting Future Mental States

    • The default network activates during self-reflection, demonstrating how self-related processing influences judgments.
    • The anterior cingulate cortex helps maintain positive self-views, while the orbitofrontal cortex regulates these perceptions against reality.
    • Embodiment is experienced through the temporoparietal junction, linking the sense of self to physical presence.

    Understanding the Mental States of Others

    • Theory of mind allows individuals to attribute mental states to others, crucial for social interactions.
    • This cognitive ability is believed to be both innate and automatic, with theories explaining its mechanisms.

    Neural Correlates of Empathy and Theory of Mind

    • Mirror neurons play a role in empathetic responses by activating similar emotional states in observers.
    • The perception–action model of empathy connects observed emotions to physiological reactions in the observer.

    Social Knowledge

    • The orbitofrontal cortex aids in recognizing social rules and adapting behaviors based on social knowledge.
    • Damage to the ventromedial frontal lobe impacts negative feedback learning, yet does not affect learning from positive experiences.
    • Humans possess an intrinsic capability to identify violations of social contracts, suggesting an evolved understanding of social dynamics.

    Reflection Questions

    • The significance of brain regions for self-processing relates to personal identity and social functioning.
    • Debate exists on whether theory of mind is innate or emerges with experience.
    • Empathy and theory of mind may have provided evolutionary advantages by enhancing social cohesion and cooperation.

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    Chapter 13 - Social Cognition.docx

    Description

    Test your understanding of social cognition concepts in this chapter quiz. Explore how we perceive ourselves and others, and the role of emotion in social interactions. Assess your grasp of key ideas and theories presented in this chapter.

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