Social Cognition and Attitudes Quiz
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Social Cognition and Attitudes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect does slow evaluation have when the focus is on attitude formation?

  • It decreases certainty in attitudes.
  • It promotes greater certainty due to perceived rational thought. (correct)
  • It has no significant impact on certainty.
  • It leads to confusion in attitude expression.

    • What is a method of dissonance reduction?

  • Ignoring the discomfort.
  • Reinforcing inconsistent behaviors.
  • Changing a thought or behavior. (correct)
  • Denying the existence of dissonance.

    • In which scenario does fast evaluation lead to greater attitude certainty?

  • When expressing an already formed attitude. (correct)
  • When assessing the formation of an attitude.
  • When contemplating new information.
  • When reflecting on past decisions.

    • What might cause cognitive dissonance?

    <p>Recognizing a harmful behavior while endorsing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the study concerning attitude certainty?

    <p>Attitude certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social cognition primarily study?

    <p>The interplay between social influences and cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thinking is characterized as unconscious and effortless?

    <p>Automatic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a task that requires controlled processing?

    <p>Solving a complex math problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social cognition, which context influences an individual's behavior?

    <p>Both psychological and physical contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dual Process Theory propose about information processing?

    <p>Processing can occur in either an automatic or controlled manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does greater ambivalence typically affect attitudes?

    <p>It results in weaker attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ambivalence and certainty according to the information provided?

    <p>Higher ambivalence leads to lower certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is negatively associated with discomfort in holding ambivalent attitudes?

    <p>Mindfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dialectical thinking involve?

    <p>Accepting and tolerating contradictory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about culture and ambivalence is correct?

    <p>Eastern cultures tend to have more understanding of ambivalence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of high levels of ambivalence on information processing?

    <p>It results in more controlled processing of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is positively associated with holding ambivalent attitudes?

    <p>Need for cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is linked to higher levels of ambivalence according to the content?

    <p>Decreased attitude-behavior consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between negative thoughts and attitude change?

    <p>Negative thoughts result in a less favorable attitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), how do strong attitudes differ from weak attitudes?

    <p>Strong attitudes predict behavioral information more reliably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do simple cues play in attitude assessment according to the content?

    <p>They can influence attitudes without conscious thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a metacognitive model emphasize regarding thoughts and attitudes?

    <p>How one thinks about their thoughts matters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes attitude strength?

    <p>Attitude strength correlates with the durability and stability of beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is associated with high thinking processes in reducing prejudiced attitudes?

    <p>They create more persistent reductions in prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do metacognitions influence attitudes according to the content?

    <p>They provide insight into the validity of one's thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant criticism of attitudes research mentioned in the content?

    <p>Attitude-behavior correspondence is often inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-esteem primarily described as?

    <p>A dynamic measure of personal worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the contingencies of self-worth theory, where is self-esteem primarily staked?

    <p>On perceived success or failure in important domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant finding from Crocker et al.'s study on self-esteem in graduate school applicants?

    <p>Students who valued academic competence had increased self-esteem on acceptance days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sociometer theory suggest about self-esteem?

    <p>It reflects one's relational value to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Leary et al. discover about behaviors that might lead to rejection?

    <p>They contribute to lower self-esteem after engaging in such behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common contingency of self-worth for college students?

    <p>Academic competence and appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the contingencies of self-worth theory have on motivations?

    <p>People avoid settings where their self-worth can be challenged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the second experiment by Leary reveal about individuals who claimed they did not need others' approval?

    <p>They experienced lower self-esteem after receiving negative feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fixed mindset regarding academic competence leads to viewing acceptance into graduate school as what?

    <p>A validation of fixed abilities and reputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-esteem often correlate with, as suggested by sociometer theory?

    <p>Feelings of belonging and relational value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Cognition

    • Combines social psychology and cognitive psychology
    • Focuses on mental processes leading to behavior

    Dual Process Theory

    • People process information in two ways: automatic and controlled
      • Automatic
        • Unconscious, effortless, based on cognitive association
        • System 1 processing: thinking fast
      • Controlled
        • Conscious, effortful, based on logic and language
        • System 2 processing: thinking slow

    Attitude Strength

    • Inconsistent attitude-behavior correspondence is a major criticism of attitude research
    • Strong attitudes are:
      • Durable
        • Resistant to persuasion
        • Stable over time
      • Have impact
        • Predictive of behavioral information
    • The Metacognitive Model suggests:
      • Attitudes consist of evaluative information (positive vs negative) and validity tags (metacognitions)
      • Metacognition is the understanding of one's own thoughts
      • Thought confidence is a metacognition that reflects the perceived validity of one's thoughts

    Ambivalence

    • Objective Ambivalence: Mixed feelings about a particular attitude object
    • Subjective Ambivalence: Feeling uncomfortable or conflicted due to mixed feelings
    • Ambivalence consequences:
      • Influences information processing
      • Higher ambivalence leads to lower certainty and confidence
      • Lower confidence leads to more controlled processing, which results in better attitude-behavior consistency
    • Ambivalence personality:
      • Preference for consistency is positively associated with discomfort holding ambivalent attitudes
      • Mindfulness is negatively associated with discomfort holding ambivalent attitudes
      • Need for cognition is positively associated with holding ambivalent attitudes

    Dialecticism and Ambivalence

    • Dialectical thinking is a style of thinking where people tolerate and accept seemingly contradictory information.
      • More prevalent in East Asian cultures
    • Dialecticism and Ambivalent Attitudes:
      • Past research suggests that objective ambivalence leads to subjective ambivalence (discomfort) in Western Cultures
      • Current research explores if this relationship generalizes across cultures

    Attitude Certainty and Thinking Fast/Slow

    • Thinking fast: Leads to certainty when expressing opinions
    • Thinking slow: Leads to certainty when forming opinions

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    • Cognitive Dissonance:
      • A state of discomfort when holding two inconsistent cognitions or behaviors in a counter-attitudinal manner
      • Example: A smoker who recognizes smoking is unhealthy
    • Dissonance Reduction:
      • Resolving the inconsistency that triggers dissonance
    • Methods of Dissonance Reduction:
      • Change a thought or behavior
      • Add additional thoughts (e.g., self-esteem)

    Self Esteem

    • Self Esteem:
      • Evaluation of oneself
      • The self as an attitude object

    Theories of Self Esteem

    • Contingencies of Self Worth (CSW):
      • Self-esteem stems from perceived success, failure, or adherence to standards in domains that are important to the individual
      • Not about having high vs low self-esteem, but where we stake our self-esteem
      • Seven common CSWs for college students:
        • Love and support from family
        • God's love
        • Competition
        • Virtue
        • Others' approval
        • Appearance
        • Academic competence
      • Measured using the Contingencies of Self Worth Scale (CSWS)
    • CSWs impact on self-esteem:
      • Events impact self-esteem based on their relevance to one's CSWs
    • CSWs implications for motivations:
      • Individuals self-select into settings that provide opportunities to succeed in domains of high CSW
      • Individuals self-select into settings where their CSWs are valued and shared
    • Sociometer Theory:
      • Self-esteem is an indicator of one's relational value to others
      • Drops in self-esteem signal that one's relational value is low
      • Self-esteem and belonging are psychological needs with an evolutionary framework
    • The Invalidity of Disclaimers about the Effects of Social Feedback on Self-Esteem:
      • People who claim they don't care about others' approval still experience changes in self-esteem based on social feedback

    Practice Questions

    • What is social cognition?
    • Explain the difference between automatic and controlled processing.
    • What are the characteristics of strong attitudes?
    • How does ambivalence influence information processing?
    • How do theories of self-esteem differ?
    • What role does the sociometer theory play in self-esteem?
    • What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people reduce it?

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    Social Exam 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on social cognition, dual process theory, and attitude strength. This quiz explores how mental processes influence behavior and the significance of strong attitudes in predicting actions. Discover the nuances of metacognition and its role in understanding our thoughts.

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