Social Classes and Filipino Caste System

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Questions and Answers

How do most upper-class individuals inadvertently affect society, according to the text?

  • By dedicating their lives to public service and philanthropy.
  • By creating a stable economic base through job creation and investment.
  • By becoming apathetic and self-centered due to their focus on personal happiness. (correct)
  • By inspiring others to achieve higher education and innovation.

Which statement accurately reflects the disparity between social classes as depicted in the text?

  • Social class disparities are exclusively economic, with no impact on cultural expression.
  • Popular culture avoids addressing the sensitive topic of social class disparity.
  • Social class disparity, though a common topic, has no historical basis or philosophical exploration.
  • Popular culture serves as a medium to address the disparity between social classes. (correct)

What was the most significant change in the Filipino caste system upon the arrival of the Spanish?

  • The elevation of the babaylan to the highest position in society.
  • The abolition of taxes for all indigenous peoples.
  • The restructuring of the system to place colonizers at the top and Filipinos at the bottom. (correct)
  • The integration of Muslim communities into the existing social hierarchy.

How did the Spanish Casta system determine taxation?

<p>Based on the racial heritage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe 'cronyism' during the Marcos era?

<p>The partial treatment of a leader to his associates by giving them high positions in a system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text differentiate between 'sex' and 'gender'?

<p>Sex refers to biological traits related to reproductive function, while gender is a socially constructed spectrum of characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth?

<p>Cisgender (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who identifies as genderqueer does so because:

<p>Their gender does not fall into either cis or trans categories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the SOGIE Bill?

<p>To ensure equal rights and freedom from discrimination for all. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying belief led Europeans to embrace racial science during the Age of Exploration?

<p>The inherent idea that humankind is split into separate and unequal races (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Samuel George Morton contribute to racial science?

<p>Theorizing that intelligence correlates to brain size, with whites having larger skulls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of racial appropriation, according to the text?

<p>The act of subjugating one race for the benefit of the other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to racial appropriation for indigenous tribes in the Philippines?

<p>Spaniards taking the land for themselves and forcing natives to work on it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'whitewashing' in visual entertainment?

<p>Casting white people into characters that are people of color narrative-wise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of peace studies as an interdisciplinary field?

<p>Understanding how armed conflicts begin, how to prevent and resolve them, and how to build peaceful and just systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Class

A group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status.

Middle Class

The largest, most diverse group; income is sufficient for basic necessities; backbone of the economy.

Upper Class

A small group with means to gain necessities and live in luxury, but can become apathetic and self-centered.

Lower Class

A large group who live along or below the poverty line; often victims of anxiety and depression.

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Datu

The highest position in pre-colonial Filipino society, leading the barangay.

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Babaylan

The highest religious position in pre-colonial Filipino society, often held by women or homosexual men.

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Sex (Biological)

Biological trait determining reproductive function based on gametes present (male or female).

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Gender

A spectrum of socially constructed characteristics of women, men, boys, and girls, including norms, behaviors, and roles.

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Sexual Orientation

Term describing one's inclination to another person in terms of romance, emotions, and/or sexual urges.

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Gender Identity

Term used to describe one's self-evaluation regarding their gender.

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Race (Social Context)

Race is the idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups based on shared inherited physical and behavioral differences.

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Racial Science Belief

The idea that the superior should lead others.

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Appropriation

Taking something for one's own gain without the owner's expressed permission.

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Cultural Appropriation

Using objects/elements of a non-dominant culture in ways that disrespect, discredit, reinforce stereotypes, or contribute to racial oppression.

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Peace Studies

An interdisciplinary field studying the causes of war and how to prevent, resolve, and build peaceful systems.

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Study Notes

Social Classes

  • Popular culture addresses the disparity between social classes, which are groups sharing socioeconomic status
  • Social classes have been widely studied by philosophers and social scientists
  • The social classes are the lower class (living along or below the poverty line and lacking basic necessities), the middle class (living along and beyond the poverty line meeting basic necessities), and the upper class (living beyond the poverty line with luxury)
  • The middle class is the largest and most economically important
  • Upper-class individuals can become apathetic and self-centered because they can afford personal happiness
  • These classes are remnants of past social structures, such as the Indian caste system, which is divided into two major groups and further subdivided

Filipino Caste System

  • The pre-colonial Filipino social hierarchy consisted of the datu and babaylan (highest positions)
  • The maharlika (feudal lords)
  • The maginoo (vassals of the maharlika)
  • The timawa (free people)
  • The alipin caste is subdivided into aliping namamahay (workers of the land) and aliping saguiguilid (actual slaves)
  • The Spanish introduced the casta system, which incentivized taxes based on racial heritage, placing colonizers at the top
  • The casta system included the Peninsulares (pure Spaniards), Americanos (American-born Spaniards), Insulares (Philippine-born Spaniards), and Mestizajes (mixed heritage) with varying tax obligations
  • Indios and Aetas paid base taxes, Sangleys paid quadruple, and the blancos were exempt
  • Class struggles arise when there is disparity between social classes
  • Examples of class struggles: the fall of aristocracy in Russia, Ernesto "Che" Guevara's countercultural movement, revolutionaries against foreign rule, and the Marcos period in the Philippines.

Sexual Orientation

  • Humans undergo physical changes during puberty, leading to self-discovery including sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE)
  • Sex is determined by biological traits related to reproductive function (male or female), while individuals with differing sex organs are known as intersex
  • Gender is a socially constructed spectrum of characteristics and roles, influenced by upbringing, environment, and self-introspection
  • Sexual orientation refers to romantic, emotional, and/or sexual attraction to others, categorized as androphilia (attraction to men), gynephilia (attraction to women), bisexuality (attraction to both), pansexual (attraction regardless of sex), and asexual (no sexual attraction)

Gender Identity

  • Cisgender individuals identify with their assigned sex (cis-male or cis-female)
  • Transgender individuals identify with a gender different from their assigned sex (transwomen or transmen)
  • Genderqueer individuals do not fit into cis or trans categories, and agender individuals do not identify with any gender

Gender Expression

  • Gender expression is how people express their gender through actions and fashion
  • Masculinity values strength and leadership
  • Femininity values empathy and gentleness,
  • Androgyny combines male and female qualities
  • Non-conformity to gender or sexual orientation can lead to issues like gender ambiguity and discrimination
  • The SOGIE Bill aims to ensure equal rights, prevent discrimination, and promote proper pronoun usage for all individuals

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