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Questions and Answers
What is one potential benefit of living in a group regarding predator detection?
What is one potential benefit of living in a group regarding predator detection?
- Reduced individual vigilance time (correct)
- Increased risk of disease transmission
- Increased conspicuousness to predators
- Higher competition for resources
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group living?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group living?
- Reduced probability of predation
- Increased conspicuousness to predators (correct)
- Improved mate finding opportunities
- Food location efficiency
What does the dilution effect refer to in social behaviors?
What does the dilution effect refer to in social behaviors?
- Improved resource allocation among animals
- Increased competition among group members
- Decreased individual probability of predation in a group (correct)
- Enhanced chemical communication in groups
Eusocial species are characterized by which type of social interaction?
Eusocial species are characterized by which type of social interaction?
How does group living affect the transmission of diseases among social animals?
How does group living affect the transmission of diseases among social animals?
Which of the following strategies enhances predator detection in a group setting?
Which of the following strategies enhances predator detection in a group setting?
In terms of social interactions, which of the following is a common misconception about living in groups?
In terms of social interactions, which of the following is a common misconception about living in groups?
What is one of the primary costs associated with group living?
What is one of the primary costs associated with group living?
What is one significant benefit of altruism within a coalition for subordinate males?
What is one significant benefit of altruism within a coalition for subordinate males?
What is the primary factor determining cooperation in extended families?
What is the primary factor determining cooperation in extended families?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with eusocial animals?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with eusocial animals?
Which of the following best describes the sex-determination system of haplodiploid species?
Which of the following best describes the sex-determination system of haplodiploid species?
What is a significant cost of living in groups?
What is a significant cost of living in groups?
Which of the following behaviors is an example of cooperation among eusocial insects?
Which of the following behaviors is an example of cooperation among eusocial insects?
How does group living influence the transmission of diseases among individuals?
How does group living influence the transmission of diseases among individuals?
What predatory behavior is seen in Tiger Salamanders when raised with siblings?
What predatory behavior is seen in Tiger Salamanders when raised with siblings?
What is a significant effect of high-density living conditions in aquaculture or livestock operations?
What is a significant effect of high-density living conditions in aquaculture or livestock operations?
Which of the following best describes a cost associated with group living in animals?
Which of the following best describes a cost associated with group living in animals?
In what way do large groups benefit from their size during foraging?
In what way do large groups benefit from their size during foraging?
What is the primary purpose of territory in animals?
What is the primary purpose of territory in animals?
How does altruism manifest in the behavior of male turkeys when displaying to females?
How does altruism manifest in the behavior of male turkeys when displaying to females?
What is a characteristic of aggression in crowded conditions among chickens?
What is a characteristic of aggression in crowded conditions among chickens?
Which scenario best illustrates the compromise between benefits and costs in group living?
Which scenario best illustrates the compromise between benefits and costs in group living?
What factor influences the evolution of altruism in social species?
What factor influences the evolution of altruism in social species?
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Study Notes
Social Behaviors
- Social behaviors are interactions with members of one's own species, including mates, offspring, and relatives.
- Bacteria, protists, and plants can exhibit social behaviors by communicating through chemical signals.
- Living in groups has costs and benefits.
Group Benefits
- Groups can better detect and evade predators, increasing individual survival rates.
- The dilution effect states that the probability of predation on a single animal decreases as group size increases.
- Larger groups are better at finding and obtaining food, especially rare resources.
- Large groups attract more potential mates, increasing mating opportunities.
Group Costs
- Groups are more conspicuous to predators, increasing the risk of predation.
- Groups increase the risk of parasite transmission due to higher densities.
- Competition for food and resources increases in larger groups.
- Aggression among group members is more likely to occur.
Altruism
- Altruism is a behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to the altruistic individual.
- The cost-benefit ratio must be less than "r" (the degree of relatedness) for altruism to evolve.
Kin Selection
- Kin selection favors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives.
- The more related individuals are, the more likely they are to engage in altruistic behaviors.
Eusocial Animals
- Eusocial animals exhibit four key characteristics:
- Multiple adults living together in a group.
- Overlapping generations of parents and offspring living together.
- Cooperative nest building and brood care.
- Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, with the presence of sterile individuals.
- The only eusocial animals include Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) and Isoptera (termites).
- Naked mole rats and Damaraland mole rats are the only non-insect eusocial animals.
Ants, Bees, and Wasps
- Eusocial insect societies include the following castes:
- Queen: lays all the eggs.
- Workers: sterile females that perform various tasks like foraging and caring for young.
- Drones: haploid males that only reproduce with the queen.
- The sex determination system is haplodiploid, where females are diploid and males are haploid.
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