Psychology condense p 83-90 Social Behavior and Group Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

Which facial features are generally considered attractive in women, according to the information provided?

  • High forehead, small chin and nose, full lips, high cheekbones (correct)
  • A square jawline and thin lips
  • Long lower face with a prominent brow ridge
  • Strong chin, jaw, and cheekbones

What does 'high sexual dimorphism' refer to in the context of attraction?

  • Having identical male and female traits
  • Having minimal differences between male and female traits
  • Having prominent differences between male and female traits (correct)
  • Having very similar traits between males and females

Which of the following is associated with decreased frontal lobe activation?

  • Criminal behavior (correct)
  • Increased impulse control
  • Increased empathy
  • Higher life satisfaction

High levels of testosterone have been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Increased altruism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'averageness' in the context of attractiveness, as explained in the information?

<p>Faces that are a blend of many faces are considered more attractive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, how does unrelated physiological arousal influence attraction?

<p>It can increase ratings of attraction, due to misattribution of arousal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the frustration-aggression principle, what is a potential outcome of frustration?

<p>Anger, which can lead to aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Harlow's monkey experiments, what key role did the cloth mother provide for the baby monkeys?

<p>A secure base that promoted exploration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these can lead to aggression through reinforcement-modeling?

<p>Parents who give in to temper tantrums (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of similarity in attraction, according to the information provided?

<p>It is a strong predictor of attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, what behavior indicates a secure attachment style in a child?

<p>Becoming distressed when the mother leaves, and being happy upon her return. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deindividuation, as seen on the internet, is associated with which type of behavior?

<p>Increased aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of an insecure attachment style, as observed in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?

<p>Clinging to the parent, not exploring, and continued distress upon the parent's return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'perceived similarity' refer to in the context of couples?

<p>The subjective sense that their partners' interests and beliefs are becoming aligned over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the development of secure attachment, according to the content?

<p>Parental sensitivity and responsiveness to the child's needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT associated with altruism?

<p>Increased risk of depression and anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms describes the tendency to assume that others share our own beliefs?

<p>Projection bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parenting styles is considered most beneficial for a child's development, according to the text?

<p>Authoritative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Harlow monkey experiment, what choice did the monkeys have?

<p>Between two surrogate mothers, one wire and one soft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of kin selection, people are most likely to act altruistically toward:

<p>Close kin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that altruistic behavior is driven by:

<p>The capacity for empathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aggression defined as?

<p>Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological factor is MOST directly associated with the facilitation of aggressive behavior, according to the text?

<p>The amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic element which contributes to aggression according to the content?

<p>Identical twins tend to display similar levels of aggression when compared to fraternal twins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social support involves providing a sense of belonging through shared activities?

<p>Companionship support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of an achieved status?

<p>Being the captain of a sports team (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between role strain and role conflict?

<p>Role strain involves tensions within a single status while role conflict involves a conflict between two different statuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies 'emotional support'?

<p>Listening to a friend who is going through a tough time and showing you care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of providing 'tangible support'?

<p>Bringing a meal to a neighbor who is ill. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations best demonstrates role strain?

<p>A student who is overwhelmed by assignments, exams, and extracurricular activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a primary group?

<p>A family unit offering emotional support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual is experiencing a conflict between their role as a student and their role as an employee. What does this best illustrate?

<p>Role conflict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes a secondary group?

<p>A group formed for a specific, often short-term purpose, with formal and business-like relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, what is the 'front stage'?

<p>A social setting where people consciously manage and present themselves to others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of impression management, where does the 'back stage' primarily function?

<p>As a private setting where individuals prepare and refine the image they present on the 'front stage'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of impression management?

<p>To control how others perceive you in social situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes individual discrimination from institutional discrimination?

<p>Individual discrimination refers to harmful actions by a person, while institutional discrimination involves policies or practices of organizations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'side-effect discrimination'?

<p>A situation where discrimination in one sector of society negatively affects another sector. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what was the key outcome of the Brown vs. Board of Education case?

<p>It declared that separate schools for different races were inherently unequal, and should therefore be unlawful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone is acting with a group of people that they know are part of a different political party. They don't share their views, so they do not say anything and try to fit in. Using your knowledge of dramaturgy, which option most closely describes this person's actions?

<p>They are on the 'front stage,' trying to manage how they are seen by others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Past-in-Present' discrimination primarily concerned with?

<p>The enduring impact of past discriminatory practices on present circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates an example of 'prejudice' according to the provided text?

<p>A manager believing that all employees from a particular region are lazy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'discrimination' differ from 'prejudice', based on the content provided?

<p>Discrimination is the differential treatment based on action, while prejudice is a negative belief. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A volunteer-based environmental group is an example of what kind of organization, based on the text's categorization?

<p>A Normative Organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'organizations', as defined in this content?

<p>To achieve maximum efficiency in fulfilling a specific purpose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a university classified as a 'utilitarian organization' according to the content?

<p>Because members are rewarded with degrees and career opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of 'bureaucratization'?

<p>The standardization and governance through laws and policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'iron rule of oligarchy' propose about organizations?

<p>That even democratic organizations tend to become ruled by a select few over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Secure Base

A type of attachment where a child feels secure enough to explore their environment knowing their caregiver will be there for them.

Strange Situation

A research method used to assess attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to separation from and reunion with their caregiver, in the presence of a stranger.

Secure Attachment

An attachment style characterized by the child being distressed when the caregiver leaves and easily comforted upon their return.

Insecure Attachment

An attachment style characterized by the child being anxious and distressed when the caregiver leaves and remains upset or ignores the caregiver upon their return.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high expectations, clear communication, and responsiveness to the child's needs, building trust and confidence.

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Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy.

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Amygdala

A part of the brain involved in processing fear and triggering aggressive behavior.

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Biology of Aggression

The study of how genes influence behavior, including aggression.

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Sexual Dimorphism

The difference between male and female physical traits.

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Averageness

The average of many faces is often perceived as more attractive than individual faces.

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Unrelated Physiological Arousal

A physiological state of excitement or arousal can influence perceptions of attraction.

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Common Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values

Shared attitudes, beliefs, and values between people.

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Similarity

The tendency to be attracted to people similar to ourselves in terms of age, race, religion, and socioeconomic status.

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Perceived Similarity

Over time, couples can develop shared interests and beliefs, increasing their perceived similarity.

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Similarity Bias

The tendency to favor people similar to ourselves and avoid those who are different.

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Projection Bias

Assuming that others share our beliefs, even if they don't.

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Emotional support

Love, trust, and care expressed through listening and empathy. It focuses on providing emotional support.

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Esteem support

Expressions of confidence and encouragement that boost someone's self-esteem.

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Informational support

The type of support that involves sharing information or giving advice.

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Tangible support

Practical aid in the form of financial assistance, goods, or services.

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Companionship support

Support that fosters a sense of social belonging. It involves shared activities and companionship.

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Status

A person's position in society, influencing their interactions.

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Ascribed status

Status that can't be changed and is assigned from birth.

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Achieved status

Status earned through effort and achievements.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for controlling impulses and making decisions. Decreased frontal lobe activation is associated with criminal behavior.

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Testosterone

A hormone produced in the testes of men and the ovaries of women. High testosterone levels can lead to aggression, muscle growth, and a wider face. It can also cause impulsiveness and low tolerance for frustration.

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Frustration-Aggression Principle

The idea that frustration leads to anger, which can trigger aggressive behavior. Higher temperatures can also contribute to frustration.

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Reinforcement-Modeling

A process where aggressive behavior is learned through positive reinforcement or observing others. Parents who give in to tantrums reinforce the behavior, while children who see their parents yell or hit each other may copy that behavior.

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Deindividuation

The tendency for people to act more aggressively in groups. This can be seen in riots or online behavior, where individuals feel less responsible for their actions.

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Social Scripts

Social guidelines or instructions provided by society on how to act in different situations. These can contribute to aggressive behavior if they involve violence or aggression. Violent video games and media often provide scripts for aggression.

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Altruism

The act of selflessly helping others without expecting anything in return. Studies show a connection between volunteerism and improved health, happiness, and reduced risk of depression and anxiety.

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Kin Selection

The theory that suggests people are more altruistic toward those they are closely related to, sharing genetic material. This is seen in people's behavior toward family members and those with the same rare last names.

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Past-In-Present Discrimination

How past actions, even if no longer allowed, can still have negative consequences for people in the present.

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Prejudice

Negative attitudes about a group of people based on assumptions, not facts.

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Discrimination

Unequal treatment and harmful actions against minorities.

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Organizations

Institutions designed for specific purposes, aiming for maximum efficiency.

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Utilitarian Organizations

Organizations where members are paid or rewarded for their work.

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Normative Organizations

Organizations where members come together for shared goals.

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Coercive Organizations

Organizations where members have no choice about their membership.

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Bureaucracy

The rules, structures, and rankings that guide organizations, aiming for maximum efficiency.

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Secondary Groups

Relationships that are formal and task-oriented, often short-term, and involve limited personal interaction. Members come together for specific goals, like work or a project.

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Dramaturgical Approach

A theory developed by sociologist Erving Goffman that describes how individuals present themselves in social settings, strategically managing their impression on others.

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Front Stage

The public persona an individual presents in social situations. It involves acting, displaying certain behaviors, and adjusting to the demands of the social context.

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Back Stage

The private, less guarded space where individuals can relax and behave more authentically. It's where they prepare for their public performances on the front stage.

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Impression Management

The conscious effort individuals make to control how others perceive them in social settings. It involves managing impressions, adjusting behavior, and choosing what information to reveal.

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Individual Discrimination

Discrimination that occurs at the individual level. It is when one person unfairly treats another based on group membership.

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Institutional Discrimination

Discrimination embedded in the practices, rules, and policies of organizations and institutions. It can lead to systematic and widespread disadvantages for certain groups.

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Study Notes

In-group/Out-group

  • In-groups are groups we are connected with, have stronger interactions with, and influence.
  • Out-groups are groups we're not associated with.
  • Group favoritism: We favor people in our in-group more than out-group members.
  • Out-group derogation: We may be discriminatory towards out-groups if we feel threatened.
  • Group polarization: Group decisions can be more extreme than individual opinions.

Social Behavior

Proximity and Mere Exposure Effect

  • Geographical proximity is the strongest predictor of friendships and relationships.
  • Encountering someone repeatedly increases our liking for them (mere exposure effect).
  • This applies to many things (objects, music, people), but not always.
  • Studies show attraction can be influenced by repeated exposure. Ex. study had males rate women's attractiveness, placing them in a class together influenced their preference.

Physical Attraction

  • Physical attractiveness is a mix of cultural differences and consistent standards.
  • Face symmetry/body shape are universal criteria across genders.
  • Averageness plays a role; more average features, the higher attractiveness rating.
  • Subtle things influence attractiveness, for example red background.
  • Physiological arousal affects attraction scores. Example was students walking across a bridge influencing their attractiveness ratings.

Advertisers

  • Businesses use the mere exposure effect, by displaying brands more often, to encourage positive views.

Attachment Theory

  • Babies develop secure attachment with primary caregivers, while others show insecure attachment.
  • Secure attachment means a child explores and is comforted by the caregiver.
  • Insecure attachment includes avoidant (ignoring caregiver) and resistant behavior.
  • Caregiving practices influence attachment styles. Responsive and sensitive care leads to secure attachment.

Aggression

  • Aggression is any behavior intended to cause harm.
  • Aggression is a combination of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.
  • Genes, brain circuits, hormones, and learned behaviors (reinforcement/modeling) are biological factors.
  • Psychological factors involve frustration, reinforcement, higher temperatures, and learned behaviors.
  • Socio-cultural factors like deindividuation and social scripts contribute to aggression.
  • Research suggests that aggression is linked to different genes in identical twins compared with fraternal twins, and similar aggressive behaviors can be breed into offspring.

Altruism

  • Altruism is helping others without expecting anything in return.
  • Altruism is associated with positive well-being and reduces likelihood of depression/anxiety.
  • Kin selection means people help relatives more than strangers.

Social Support

  • Emotional support, esteem support, informational support, and tangible/companionship support all contribute to well-being.
  • Social support improves both physical and mental health.
  • Individuals with low social support show more symptoms of depression/anxiety, and suffer more often from other problems such as alcohol problems.
  • Social support can also be a factor in physical disease and health. Cancer/heart disease risk is potentially reduced by social support.

Social Interactions

  • Status: Social position in society can affect individual interactions.
  • Role strain: Difficulty fulfilling all obligations within a role.
  • Role conflict: Conflict between two or more roles.
  • Primary groups: Close relationships, typically long-term, and share emotional ties. Ex. family, close friends.
  • Secondary groups: Relationships that are focused on specific goals or tasks. Ex. work colleagues, classmates.
  • Dramaturgy: Individuals are in constant social interaction, and need to adjust to the role their play within that setting, and impression management is a key concept to achieving that social goal.
  • Impression management: Individual strategies that control how others see them.

Discrimination/Prejudice

  • Individual or institutional, intentional or unintentional, discrimination is a differential treatment or harmful actions against minorities (intentional or unintentional) or specific groups.
  • Prejudice is negative attitudes, commonly held beliefs about a group without sufficient factual evidence.
  • Unintentional discrimination involves policies or practices that negatively affect a certain group.

Types of Organizations

  • Utilitarian organizations: People join for the rewards they offer, e.g., businesses.
  • Normative organizations: People join based on a shared belief, e.g., religious groups.
  • Coercive organizations: People are forced to join, e.g., prisons, some military forces.
  • Bureaucratization: Organizations structure themselves to function with more efficiency and policies. Bureaucracies have structures and rules that provide and enforce organizational order.

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Psychology: Attraction and Social Interactions PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of in-groups and out-groups, how favoritism can influence social interactions, and the psychology behind proximity and mere exposure effects. Understand the impact of physical attraction and repeated encounters on relationships and friendships.

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