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Questions and Answers
Which type of victim provokes their peers and responds to threats with aggression?
Which type of victim provokes their peers and responds to threats with aggression?
What percentage of 5th and 6th graders in the survey reported experiencing bullying?
What percentage of 5th and 6th graders in the survey reported experiencing bullying?
What is one outcome often reported by victims of bullying?
What is one outcome often reported by victims of bullying?
According to Piaget, during which stage do children see justice and rules as unchangeable properties?
According to Piaget, during which stage do children see justice and rules as unchangeable properties?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six functions of friendship mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT one of the six functions of friendship mentioned?
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What developmental advantage is mentioned as a benefit of having supportive friends?
What developmental advantage is mentioned as a benefit of having supportive friends?
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What characterizes a bully according to the content?
What characterizes a bully according to the content?
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What does Piaget's autonomous morality stage emphasize?
What does Piaget's autonomous morality stage emphasize?
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What is the characteristic of moral thinking in Stage 1 of Kohlberg's theory?
What is the characteristic of moral thinking in Stage 1 of Kohlberg's theory?
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In which stage do individuals prioritize interpersonal relationships and conformity in their moral judgments?
In which stage do individuals prioritize interpersonal relationships and conformity in their moral judgments?
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How does Stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory view the concept of morality?
How does Stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory view the concept of morality?
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What is the primary basis for moral judgments in Stage 4 of Kohlberg's stages?
What is the primary basis for moral judgments in Stage 4 of Kohlberg's stages?
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Which statement best describes Stage 5 of Kohlberg's model?
Which statement best describes Stage 5 of Kohlberg's model?
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What underlying principle characterizes Stage 6 of moral development?
What underlying principle characterizes Stage 6 of moral development?
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At which stage do individuals demonstrate a clear understanding of the social order and responsibilities to the community?
At which stage do individuals demonstrate a clear understanding of the social order and responsibilities to the community?
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What is the main focus of moral reasoning in the preconventional level of Kohlberg’s stages?
What is the main focus of moral reasoning in the preconventional level of Kohlberg’s stages?
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Study Notes
Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
- Middle childhood encompasses ages 6 to 12.
- Social and Emotional Development is a complex process.
- This period is characterized by significant changes in self-concept, emotional regulation, and social relationships.
- Peer relationships become more complex, and peer influence plays an increasingly important role.
- Moral development progresses from a focus on external consequences to considering internal values and principles.
Chapter Outline
- The chapter includes theories about social and emotional development in middle childhood.
- Self-development is examined.
- Emotional development is discussed.
- Gender development is considered.
- Families and peers are studied, along with how they impact the subject.
- Moral development is a main focus of the chapter as well.
Peer Victimization
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Three different types of peer victimization are covered:
- Bully: Aggressive toward peers, rarely attacked in return.
- Victim: Includes aggressive victims, who provoke peers. They react aggressively to threats or attacks. There are also passive victims who submit to aggressors.
- Bully-victim: Represents a troubled group; exhibit the highest level of conduct, school, and relationship problems.
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A national survey in Korea of 1181 fifth and sixth-grade students showed 16.1% had been victims of bullying, while 11.9% had been identified as bullies.
Outcomes of Peer Victimization
- Victims of bullying exhibit higher rates of headaches, sleep disturbances, abdominal pain, tiredness, and depression.
- Bully-victims display the largest problems in conduct, school, and interpersonal relationships.
Friendships
- Children's friendships are usually based on similarity.
- Six critical functions for friendships exist:
- Companionship
- Stimulation
- Physical support
- Ego support
- Social comparison
- Affection and intimacy
- Developmental advantages occur when children have socially skilled and supportive friends.
Moral Development
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Piaget's view:
- Heteronomous morality (ages 4-7): Rules are absolute and unchangeable, and judgments are based solely on consequences. Punishment immediately follows rule breaking
- Transition Period (ages 7-10): A transitional period in moral judgment where individuals consider both consequences and intentions.
- Autonomous morality (ages 10+): Rules are created by people, and judgments consider both actions and intentions.
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Kohlberg's theory:
- Inspired by Piaget's work, extending it by interviewing children and adolescents regarding moral dilemmas.
- Kohlberg proposed 6 universal stages of moral development:
- Preconventional: Stages 1 & 2
- Conventional: Stages 3 & 4
- Postconventional: Stages 5 & 6
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
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Preconventional:
- Stage 1: Heteronomous morality: Moral behavior is tied to punishment. Obeying rules to avoid punishment.
- Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange: Individuals pursue their interests and seek equal exchange.
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Conventional:
- Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity: Seeking approval from others and behaving to be a "good boy" or a "good girl."
- Stage 4: Social systems morality: Understanding the social order, laws, justice, and duty to follow rules
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Postconventional:
- Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights: Values, rights, and principles transcend the law. Protecting fundamental human rights.
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles: An internalized moral principle based on universal human rights.
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory:
- Is there a consistent developmental progression?
- Is the level of moral judgment consistent across various moral issues?
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Description
Explore the complexities of social and emotional development during middle childhood, ages 6 to 12. This chapter discusses self-concept, emotional regulation, peer relationships, and moral development theories. Delve into how families and peers influence growth in these critical years.
