Smog Crisis in Pakistan Report Analysis

<p>It releases particulate matter and carbon monoxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outdated diesel-powered vehicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread use of low-quality fuels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They trap pollutants close to the ground, worsening smog. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate (A), Moderately effective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>52.6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>65% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stricter policies and better enforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large percentage of respondents take no protective actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger populations are significantly impacted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Razzaq et al. (2024) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and economic burden (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both primary and secondary data analysis was conducted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% recognized smog as harmful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Techniques for prevention and control of smog (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic, social, and technological insights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It traps pollutants near the ground. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature inversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute significantly along with transboundary pollution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Launch a National Electric Vehicle Policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stricter enforcement of emission regulations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investment in fossil fuel technologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establish manufacturing hubs for electric vehicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children and the elderly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil and water contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing real-time air quality monitoring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strict enforcement of vehicular emission standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals aged 18-25 living in urban areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness campaigns and collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through reduced photosynthesis due to smog damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting cleaner industrial practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles smaller than 2.5 microns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature inversions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance emissions control and fuel efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the reaction of VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in sunlight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combustion processes in vehicles and industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leading to cardiovascular problems and respiratory issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps identify abnormal heat patterns from sources like fires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A severe environmental and health crisis, particularly in urban areas like Lahore, caused by a combination of sources like vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, crop burning, and atmospheric factors.

Vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, crop residue burning, and atmospheric factors; including PM2.5 and PM10, SO2, and NOx.

Respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and exacerbation of existing conditions like asthma and bronchitis.

Reduced visibility from smog leads to more accidents and delays in transportation, including flight and train cancellations.

A major source of smog, especially from outdated diesel vehicles, and other industrial emissions.

A significant contributor to smog, especially burning rice and wheat stubble in Punjab, especially during favorable weather conditions for smog formation.

Rapid urbanization contributes to smog due increased vehicular emissions.

Weak regulatory enforcement exacerbates the smog problem.

Smog reduces crop yields by damaging plants, decreasing photosynthesis, and contaminating soil/water

Smog increases healthcare costs and reduces work productivity, impacting national economies like Pakistan's GDP.

Actions to reduce smog, including stricter vehicle emissions, cleaner industries, renewable energy, sustainable farming, and air filtration techniques.

Government actions like stricter rules and regulations for vehicle emissions and industries, promotion of cleaner practices/technologies.

New methods like flue gas cleaning, air filters, and real-time air quality monitoring to reduce smog.

Raising awareness about smog and encouraging cooperation between government, industries, and individuals to help manage smog.

Groups like children and the elderly are more susceptible to negative smog effects.

Research focusing on the experience of 18-25 year olds in urban Pakistan about smog's effects on their daily lives.

40% of survey respondents reported significant health problems during smog events, highlighting harm to young people and potentially older populations.

90% of survey respondents recognize smog's harmful effects on health and the environment.

Reviewing academic research and publications to understand smog's causes, effects, and possible solutions.

Razzaq et al. 2024 study, highlighting the need for international action to address smog, particularly in Lahore.

Sarfraz 2020 study that explores the social and economic problems caused by smog, emphasizing health and productivity effects.

Usman et al. 2019 study providing ideas for preventing and controlling smog and air pollution in Pakistan.

Understanding the significant health effects of smog on young adults with implications for older adults.

Combining primary and secondary data to understand smog's broad impacts and develop helpful solutions.

55% of respondents experienced significant disruptions to their daily life, including limited outdoor activities and commuting challenges.

40% of respondents moderately rated government measures effective, while 35% viewed them as inadequate.

The feedback suggests a need for stricter policies, better enforcement, and more transparent initiatives.

65% of respondents perform regular vehicle maintenance to reduce emissions, and 70% support mandatory emissions inspections.

75% of respondents support government incentives to promote environmentally friendly vehicles.

A staggering 52.6% of respondents reported taking no protective measures against smog.

Urgent need for public awareness campaigns to educate individuals on the dangers of smog.

Air quality deteriorates in winter due to trapped pollutants, low temperatures, and moderate humidity, leading to severe smog events.

Cold air near the ground is trapped by a layer of warmer air above, preventing pollutants from dispersing, leading to increased smog.

Moderate humidity, around 55%, promotes smog formation by providing moisture for pollutants to react and condense into fine particles.

Lack of effective pollution control in summer leads to the accumulation of pollutants in winter, resulting in more severe smog episodes.

A policy aimed at promoting electric vehicles to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease vehicular emissions.

Building infrastructure to support electric vehicles, including charging stations, manufacturing, repair services, and battery recycling.

Addressing smog requires a multifaceted strategy, including stricter regulations, cleaner technologies, sustainable agriculture, reforestation, and public awareness.

Working together across borders to address transboundary pollution and share best practices for reducing smog.

Tiny particles in the air smaller than 2.5 microns, posing significant health risks.

Tiny particles in the air smaller than 10 microns, also linked to health hazards.

A hazardous mix of smoke and fog, caused by air pollution, reducing visibility and harming health.

A weather pattern where warm air traps pollutants near the ground, intensifying smog.

A brick-making process reducing emissions and improving fuel efficiency compared to traditional methods.

A higher-quality fuel standard in Pakistan designed to reduce vehicle emissions.

Tools used to detect heat anomalies, like fires, that contribute to pollution.

A harmful pollutant formed from reactions between VOCs and NOx in sunlight, a major component of smog.