Breathing In Crisis: A Call to Action Against Smog in Pakistan PDF

FAST - NUCES November 2024 Breathing in Crisis A Call to Action Against Smog in Pakistan. Muhammad Shah Report - Technical and Business Writing Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Ayan Mohsin Abbas TABLE OF CONTENTS The Team 3 Abst...

FAST - NUCES November 2024 Breathing in Crisis A Call to Action Against Smog in Pakistan. Muhammad Shah Report - Technical and Business Writing Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Ayan Mohsin Abbas TABLE OF CONTENTS The Team 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion x Glossary x Bibliography x Methodology x ABSTRACT This report explores the persistent issue of smog in Pakistan, where it has become an annual phenomenon with severe socio-economic and environmental impacts. Utilizing both primary survey data and secondary research, the study identifies major contributors to smog, including vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and agricultural residue burning. The report analyzes the role of meteorological factors like temperature inversions in exacerbating air quality and highlights the detrimental effects of smog on public health, agriculture, and the economy. Proposed solutions encompass stricter emission controls, promotion of cleaner technologies, reforestation, sustainable agricultural practices, and enhanced public awareness. The findings emphasize the urgency for regional cooperation, policy reforms, and innovative technological interventions to address this escalating environmental crisis effectively. This research underscores the need for immediate and sustained efforts to safeguard public health and foster sustainable development in Pakistan. Company Name | Page x INTRODUCTION: Smog: A Growing Crisis in Pakistan Smog, a hazardous blend of smoke, mist, and chemical pollutants, has become a persistent environmental challenge in Pakistan. It forms through a combination of atmospheric contaminants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants, primarily emitted from human activities such as vehicular emissions, industrial processes, and crop residue burning, interact with sunlight and atmospheric moisture to create dense, toxic haze. In cities like Lahore, smog levels often exceed "very unhealthy" thresholds during the winter months, aggravated by temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. The severity of smog varies across regions, with urban areas experiencing a mix of vehicular and industrial emissions, while rural areas grapple with the effects of agricultural burning. Formation of Smog The formation of smog in Pakistan is influenced by various environmental and human factors. When sunlight interacts with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), chemical reactions occur, leading to the production of ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter. Sources of these pollutants include: Vehicular Emissions: Diesel-powered vehicles release significant NOx and PM2.5. Industrial Activities: Factories emit sulfur dioxide and VOCs during production processes. Crop Residue Burning: Farmers burn stubble in Punjab and Sindh, releasing harmful pollutants. During winter, low wind speeds and temperature inversions exacerbate the problem by preventing the vertical dispersal of pollutants. This results in concentrated smog at ground level, posing serious health and visibility issues. Impact of Smog Smog significantly affects health, agriculture, and the economy. It causes respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reduces agricultural productivity due to damage to crops, and imposes economic burdens through increased healthcare costs and decreased worker productivity. These impacts highlight the urgent need for comprehensive policies and public awareness to mitigate the crisis. EFFECTS OF SMOG Smog in Pakistan poses severe threats to public health, the environment, and the economy due to its toxic components, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ground-level ozone. These pollutants have far-reaching consequences, affecting people, animals, plants, and the broader ecosystem. 1. Health Impacts One of the most immediate and devastating effects of smog is its impact on public health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), prolonged exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in smog is linked to a range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Respiratory Disorders: Smog aggravates conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hospitals across Pakistan report a surge in patients with breathing difficulties during smog episodes. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Cardiovascular Diseases: Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Studies show that residents in high-smog areas experience a significant rise in cardiovascular-related mortality rates. Cancer and Long-Term Effects: Smog contains carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which elevate the risk of lung cancer. Additionally, prolonged exposure can lead to impaired lung development in children and reduced life expectancy. Company Name | Page x 2. Environmental Degradation The environmental consequences of smog exacerbate existing challenges in Pakistan, including biodiversity loss, climate change, and water contamination. Air Quality Decline: Smog causes a sharp deterioration in air quality, with Air Quality Index (AQI) levels in major cities often reaching hazardous levels. This not only harms living organisms but also contributes to acid rain, which affects soil and water quality. Vegetation Damage: Smog inhibits photosynthesis by blocking sunlight, reducing crop yields and impacting agricultural productivity, a key sector of Pakistan’s economy. Sensitive crops like wheat and rice are particularly at risk. Climate Implications: The black carbon particles in smog contribute to global warming by absorbing sunlight and melting ice in sensitive regions like the Himalayas. This exacerbates water scarcity in Pakistan, which is already facing a water crisis. 3. Economic Consequences The economic toll of smog is staggering, with costs arising from healthcare expenses, productivity losses, and environmental degradation. Increased Healthcare Costs: Treating smog-related illnesses places a heavy burden on Pakistan's already overstretched healthcare system. Families, particularly in low-income communities, face significant financial hardships due to medical bills. Productivity Losses: Smog reduces outdoor working hours, especially in agriculture and construction. This leads to decreased economic output, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. Impact on Tourism and Investments: Persistent smog tarnishes Pakistan’s international image, discouraging tourism and foreign investments. Cities blanketed in smog are seen as unattractive destinations for both leisure and business. Company Name | Page x 4. Social and Educational Disruptions Smog also affects social and educational structures, creating barriers to a healthy, functioning society. School Closures: During severe smog conditions, schools are often closed to protect children’s health. However, this disrupts educational continuity, particularly for students already facing challenges due to Pakistan’s underfunded education system. Community Well-being: The psychological effects of living in smog-affected areas, such as anxiety and stress about health risks, reduce community well- being and social cohesion. 5. Traffic and Transportation Challenges The reduced visibility caused by smog leads to frequent accidents and transportation delays. Road Accidents: Dense smog lowers visibility, making driving hazardous. Pakistan’s highways and urban roads experience an uptick in traffic accidents during smoggy conditions. Air and Rail Disruptions: Smog often forces the cancellation of flights and train schedules, disrupting the mobility of goods and people, and negatively impacting commerce and daily life. DISCUSSION LITERATURE REVIEW Smog has become a severe environmental and health crisis in Pakistan, particularly in urban areas like Lahore. It is caused by a combination of vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, crop residue burning, and atmospheric factors. These pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), create a dense, harmful haze that impacts health, agriculture, and the economy. The crisis is exacerbated by rapid urbanization, weak regulatory enforcement, and meteorological phenomena like temperature inversions​(research 2)​ (research 1). Causes of Smog Vehicular and Industrial Emissions Rapid urbanization has led to increased vehicular emissions, with outdated diesel-powered vehicles being a primary contributor. Industries emitting SO2, NOx, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) further aggravate air pollution​(research 3)​ (research 1). Crop Residue Burning In Punjab, the burning of rice and wheat stubble contributes significantly to smog, releasing substantial PM and CO pollutants. This seasonal activity aligns with weather conditions conducive to smog formation​(research 1). Other Factors Unregulated brick kilns, power plants, and the widespread use of low- quality fuels also add to the pollution burden​(research 3)​ (research 1). Effects of Smog Health Impacts Smog causes respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and exacerbates conditions like asthma and bronchitis. Vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, face higher risks​ (research 2)​(research 3)​(research 1). Agricultural Consequences Crop yields are significantly reduced due to smog-induced damage to plant tissues and decreased photosynthesis. Soil and water contamination from smog pollutants further diminish agricultural productivity​ (research 1). Economic Impacts The economic cost of smog includes healthcare expenditures and reduced labor productivity. Pakistan’s GDP incurs losses due to the long-term Company Name | Page x Mitigation Strategies Policy Interventions Strict enforcement of vehicular emission standards and promotion of cleaner industrial practices are essential. The adoption of renewable energy sources and sustainable farming practices can also reduce emissions​(research 3)​(research 1). Technological Innovations Techniques like flue gas cleaning, scrubbers, and air filtration systems have been highlighted as effective measures. Implementing real-time air quality monitoring and incentivizing electric vehicles are also recommended​(research 3)​(research 1). Public Awareness and Collaboration Awareness campaigns and collaborative efforts among government, industries, and citizens are crucial for sustainable smog management​ (research 2)​(research 1). METHODOLOGY This report on "Breathing in Crisis: A Call to Action Against Smog in Pakistan" combines both primary and secondary data sources to offer a thorough understanding of the smog crisis, its impacts, and potential solutions. Primary Data Collection Method: A survey was conducted using Google Forms to gather firsthand insights from individuals about their experiences with smog. Target Audience: The survey focused on individuals aged 18–25 living in urban areas of Pakistan. Sample Size: Responses from this demographic provided valuable insights into the challenges and effects of smog. Questions: Participants were asked about their health issues, disruptions in daily life, and awareness of smog mitigation strategies. Findings: The survey revealed that 40% of respondents reported experiencing significant health problems during smog events, indicating the impact of smog on even younger populations and raising concerns about the potential effects on older age groups. METHODOLOGY Secondary Data Research Method: We conducted a comprehensive review of credible academic research and publications to explore the causes, effects, and solutions of smog in Pakistan. This includes: Razzaq, A., Zafar, M. M., Zahra, L. T., Qadir, F., & others. (2024). Smog: Lahore needs global attention to fix it. Environmental Challenges. DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.100999. This study emphasizes the need for international attention and intervention to address smog in Pakistan, particularly in Lahore. Sarfraz, Z. (2020). The social and economic burden of smog in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Surgery & Medicine. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3595085. This research explores the severe social and economic consequences of smog, highlighting its impact on public health and productivity. Usman, M., Aamir, H. M., Iqbal, N., & Arshad, H. A. (2019). New techniques for the prevention and control of smog and air pollution in Pakistan. Environment Pollution and Climate Change. DOI: 10.4172/2573- 458X.1000166. This study provides insights into innovative strategies for mitigating smog and controlling air pollution in Pakistan. Analysis Both primary and secondary data were carefully analyzed to uncover patterns, assess the broad impacts of smog, and develop actionable recommendations. Survey Analysis: Focused on understanding the significant health effects of smog on young adults, which highlighted the broader implications of smog exposure for older populations. Literature Insights: Provided a solid foundation for understanding the economic, environmental, and social aspects of smog, as well as possible technological and policy-driven solutions. This methodical approach has ensured that the findings and recommendations in the report are grounded in both qualitative and quantitative data, providing practical solutions for local authorities and stakeholders.  DATA ANALYSIS - PRIMARY DATA TThe survey highlights widespread public awareness of smog, with 90% of respondents recognizing its harmful effects on health and the environment. Among respondents, 60% reported health issues such as respiratory problems, headaches, and eye irritation during smog seasons, while 55% experienced significant disruptions in daily life, including limited outdoor activities and commuting challenges. These findings underscore the severity of smog’s impact on well-being and routine activities. Government Efforts: When evaluating government measures, 40% of respondents rated them as moderately effective, while 35% viewed them as inadequate. This feedback points Fig #2 - How effective is the goverment’s to a clear demand for stricter policy against smog policies, better enforcement, and more transparent initiatives to address smog at its root. Individual Actions: The data also reflects the proactive role individuals are willing to play in combating smog. 65% of respondents perform regular vehicle maintenance to reduce emissions, and 70% support mandatory emissions inspections. Additionally, 75% back government incentives to promote Fig #2 - How often do you get your cars oil environmentally friendly vehicles, changed? highlighting the public’s openness to adopting sustainable practices when supported by effective policies.  Fig #2 - Deterrents against smog The graph titled "Deterrents Against Smog" reveals a concerning trend: a staggering 52.6% of respondents reported taking no protective measures against smog. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for public awareness campaigns to educate individuals about the dangers of smog exposure and the importance of preventive actions. Fig #2 -Would you opt for public transport for the sake of minimizing smog? The pie chart titled "Public Transport Preference" illustrates that 85% of respondents are willing to opt for public transportation to reduce smog levels, while only 15% are not. This indicates a strong public support for sustainable transportation options and a willingness to contribute to improving air quality.  IMPACT OF SMOG ON DIFFERENT AGE A survey conducted as part of this study revealed striking insights into how smog affects different demographics, particularly the younger population aged 18-25. While this age group is often considered more resilient, the results show significant adverse effects, raising concerns about the vulnerability of older age groups. SURVEY INSIGHTS Age Group: More than 90% of the respondents belonged to the age bracket of 18- 25 years. Health Impact: 40% of respondents reported experiencing health issues, such as respiratory discomfort, eye irritation, and fatigue, during smog episodes. Implications of the Findings FIgure 11 - Percentage of people experiencing health issues during smog These results highlight that even young individuals, who generally have stronger immune systems and better health resilience, face significant challenges due to smog. The issues reported by this age group suggest that older adults, particularly those aged 50 and above, are likely to experience even more severe effects. Older adults often have pre-existing health conditions, such as chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, or weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to the harmful impacts of smog. Conditions like asthma and COPD are exacerbated during smog episodes, which could lead to increased hospitalizations and even mortality in this vulnerable population. DATA ANALYSIS - SECONDARY DATA PM2.5 Levels: The average PM2.5 remained significantly above the WHO safe limit (25 µg/m³), with peaks in 2019 (41.31 µg/m³) and 2023 (40.90 µg/m³), indicating persistent smog conditions. SO2 Increase: SO2 levels surged from 14.61 µg/m³ in 2019 to 26.83 µg/m³ in 2023, reflecting increased industrial emissions. NO2 Decline: NO2 levels dropped from 19.51 µg/m³ in 2019 to 8.56 µg/m³ in 2023, but this reduction did not offset the smog issue. Humidity Consistency: Humidity remained relatively stable, suggesting other pollutants are the primary drivers of worsening air quality. These trends indicate a deteriorating air quality situation, contributing to more frequent and severe smog events. Winter Air Quality Analysis – Islamabad High Pollution Levels: Winter records the highest PM2.5 (57.75 µg/m³) and SO2 (30.20 µg/m³), contributing to severe smog. Temperature Inversion: Low winter temperatures (11.52°C) trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Humidity Impact: Moderate humidity (55.23%) promotes smog formation. The worsening air quality in winter is partly due to the lack of effective pollution control measures during the warmer months (summer). Without addressing high pollution levels in summer, the accumulation of pollutants in winter leads to more severe smog and health risks.  CONCLUSION In conclusion, smog in Pakistan has emerged as a significant environmental and public health crisis, driven by a combination of local emissions from vehicles, industries, and crop residue burning, as well as transboundary pollution. Its impacts are far-reaching, causing severe respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, economic losses, agricultural damage, and environmental degradation. To combat this pressing issue, a comprehensive approach is essential—one that includes stricter enforcement of emission regulations, adoption of cleaner technologies, sustainable agricultural practices, reforestation, and robust public awareness campaigns. Regional collaboration and investment in advanced monitoring systems are equally critical. By prioritizing these actions, Pakistan can address the root causes of smog, protect its citizens, and ensure a healthier, more sustainable future. SOLUTIONS TO THE CRISIS To effectively address the growing air pollution and smog crisis in Pakistan, a comprehensive set of solutions has been implemented, targeting the primary sources of pollution. The strategies span agricultural practices, vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, reforestation, dust control, and advancements in fuel standards and monitoring technology. Below is an expanded overview of these solutions based on the information provided in the report and the detailed initiatives highlighted in the image. 1. NATIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE POLICY Actions Taken: The National Electric Vehicle Policy was launched to promote the adoption of eco-friendly vehicles. Expanded Solutions: Establish a comprehensive EV ecosystem, including manufacturing hubs, repair services, and recycling programs for EV batteries. Collaborate with international partners to introduce EVs at competitive prices, making them accessible to the general public. Company Name | Page x  2. AGRICULTURE BURNING CONTROL Actions Taken: A total of 1.5 million PKR in fines were imposed on individuals and organizations for agricultural burning, with 103 FIRs filed against offenders Expanded Solutions: Stricter Enforcement: Enhance penalties for burning crop residues to deter the practice further. Education Campaigns: Launch targeted awareness campaigns for farmers, emphasizing the detrimental health and environmental impacts of smog caused by crop residue burning. Sustainable Alternatives: Promote the use of bio-composting techniques, allowing farmers to convert crop residues into organic fertilizer. Develop markets for biomass energy solutions, providing financial incentives for farmers to sell crop residues for energy production. Introduce cost-effective and efficient mechanical equipment (e.g., Happy Seeders) for residue management without the need for burning.. 3. BRICK KILN TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT Actions Taken: 2,093 brick kilns were sealed for non-compliance, and 4,838 kilns were converted to Zig-Zag technology, which reduces emissions and increases fuel efficiency. Expanded Solutions: Expand Zig-Zag Technology Adoption: Provide subsidies to kiln owners for converting traditional setups to Zig-Zag technology. Awareness and Training: Conduct workshops for kiln owners and workers, educating them on the economic and environmental benefits of cleaner technologies. Alternative Energy Sources: Promote the use of alternative fuels like biogas or clean coal in kilns to further reduce emissions. Company Name | Page x 4. VEHICULAR EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT Actions Taken: Pakistan adopted Euro II standards for vehicles, leading to the inspection of 83,595 vehicles, and the impounding of 7,274 vehicles for non-compliance.The PSO Euro V fuel standard was launched to reduce vehicular pollution further.Vehicle Inspection Centers were established in major cities such as Lahore to ensure compliance with emissions standards. Expanded Solutions: Upgrading Standards: Implement and enforce Euro V standards for all vehicles to minimize vehicular emissions and improve fuel efficiency. Provide clear timelines for the transition to Euro VI standards, ensuring all manufacturers and consumers align with global best practices. Promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs): Launch infrastructure projects to establish EV charging stations in all major cities and along highways. Provide subsidies, tax exemptions, and low-interest loans to promote the adoption of EVs and hybrid vehicles. Partner with local and international manufacturers to encourage the production of affordable EVs for the mass market. Public Transport Modernization: Invest in expanding public transportation systems, such as metro trains and eco-friendly buses, to reduce reliance on private vehicles. Transition public transport fleets to electric or hybrid systems, minimizing emissions in urban centers. Inspection Expansion: Expand vehicle inspection centers across all provinces and implement a mandatory annual inspection system for emissions compliance. Company Name | Page x  5. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL Actions Taken: Authorities sealed 186 factories and imposed fines amounting to 432,500 PKR for non-compliance with environmental regulations. Expanded Solutions: Technology Upgrades: Mandate the installation of scrubbers, filters, and other pollution- control technologies in factories emitting high levels of pollutants. Compliance Monitoring: Establish a centralized system for real-time monitoring of industrial emissions, supported by strict legal penalties for exceeding prescribed limits. Incentives for Cleaner Practices: Provide financial assistance, tax rebates, or low-interest loans to industries that adopt cleaner production technologies. Green Certification Programs: Launch green certification for industries that comply with emissions regulations, encouraging eco-friendly practices and enhancing global competitiveness. 6. REFORESTATION AND GREEN INITIATIVES Actions Taken: Under the Clean Green Initiative, 348,400 hectares of trees were planted to mitigate air pollution. Expanded Solutions: Urban Forestry: Prioritize the establishment of green belts and urban forests in highly polluted cities to act as natural air purifiers. Community Engagement: Encourage community participation in tree plantation drives and provide incentives for local organizations that contribute to reforestation efforts. Long-Term Forest Management: Introduce policies to protect newly planted forests from deforestation, illegal logging, and encroachments. Company Name | Page x  7. DUST CONTROL FROM ROADS AND INFRASTRUCTURE Actions Taken: Authorities focused on the development of road shoulders to reduce fugitive dust from road traffic. Expanded Solutions: Infrastructure Upgrades: Ensure the paving of unpaved roads and introduce mechanisms for regular road maintenance. Dust Suppression Measures: Use water sprays or chemical treatments to control dust emissions in urban and construction-heavy areas. Traffic Management: Implement traffic regulations and encourage carpooling to reduce vehicular traffic and associated dust emissions. 8. FIRE MONITORING AND EARLY DETECTION Actions Taken: Government agencies used thermal anomaly technology to monitor fires and identify pollution hotspots. Expanded Solutions: Real-Time Monitoring: Expand the use of satellite-based tools and advanced thermal sensors to detect and manage crop burning and other fire-related activities. Quick Response Teams: Establish regional response teams to address fires immediately and prevent them from spreading. Company Name | Page x Glossary AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth): A measure of the extinction of solar radiation by atmospheric particles, providing an indicator of air pollution levels. AQI (Air Quality Index): A standardized system for measuring and reporting air quality, reflecting the level of pollution in the air. Black Carbon: A fine particulate pollutant resulting from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass, contributing to smog and global warming. Carcinogens: Substances capable of causing cancer in living tissue, often found in smog components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): A chronic inflammatory lung disease causing obstructed airflow from the lungs, exacerbated by smog exposure. Euro Standards: A set of regulations limiting the emission levels from vehicles to reduce pollution. Himalayan Black Carbon Effect: A phenomenon where black carbon particles accelerate the melting of ice and snow in sensitive regions like the Himalayas. PM2.5 and PM10 (Particulate Matter): Tiny particles or droplets in the air that are two and a half microns or less in width (PM2.5) or ten microns or less (PM10), linked to health and environmental risks. Smog: A harmful combination of smoke and fog, resulting from air pollution and characterized by reduced visibility and health hazards. Glossary Temperature Inversions: A meteorological phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps pollutants near the surface, intensifying smog conditions. Zig-Zag Kiln Technology: An improved brick-making process reducing emissions and enhancing fuel efficiency compared to traditional methods. PSO Euro V Fuel: A higher-quality fuel standard introduced in Pakistan to lower vehicular emissions. Thermal Anomaly Technology: Tools used for detecting abnormal heat patterns, such as those from fires or hotspots contributing to pollution. Ground-Level Ozone: A harmful pollutant formed when sunlight reacts with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) near the Earth's surface. It is a major component of smog. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): A group of gases released primarily from combustion processes, such as those in vehicles and industries, that contribute to smog formation and acid rain. Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂): A gas produced by burning fossil fuels and industrial processes, contributing to smog and acid rain. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Organic chemicals that easily evaporate into the air and participate in chemical reactions leading to ground-level ozone formation. Temperature Inversion: A weather condition where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground, intensifying smog levels. Glossary Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10): Tiny particles in the air; PM2.5 refers to particles less than 2.5 microns wide, and PM10 refers to particles less than 10 microns wide. Both are major health hazards. Bibliography 1. Razzaq, A., Zafar, M. M., Zahra, L. T., Qadir, F., & others. (2024). Smog: Lahore needs global attention to fix it. Environmental Challenges. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envc.2024.100999 2. Sarfraz, Z. (2020). The social and economic burden of smog in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Surgery & Medicine. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3595085 3. Usman, M., Aamir, H. M., Iqbal, N., & Arshad, H. A. (2019). New techniques for the prevention control of smog and air pollution in Pakistan. Environment Pollution and Climate Change. https:// doi.org/10.4172/2573-458X.1000166 4. Kaggle. (2024). Islamabad Pakistan Air Quality Data. Retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/diraf0/islamabad-pakistan-air- quality-data?select=final_data.csv