Podcast
Questions and Answers
What causes redness (erythema) in the skin?
What causes redness (erythema) in the skin?
- Hypertension (correct)
- Hormonal changes
- Low blood pressure
- Impaired blood flow to the area
Which of the following skin alterations is specifically associated with a liver disorder?
Which of the following skin alterations is specifically associated with a liver disorder?
- Jaundice (correct)
- Pallor
- Bruising
- Bronzing
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
- To produce sweat
- To transport nutrients
- To produce oil (sebum) (correct)
- To regulate body temperature
What condition is characterized by accumulated sebum blocking a sebaceous gland duct?
What condition is characterized by accumulated sebum blocking a sebaceous gland duct?
Which type of gland is responsible for producing sweat?
Which type of gland is responsible for producing sweat?
What is the term for the overactivity of sebaceous glands in infants, commonly referred to as cradle cap?
What is the term for the overactivity of sebaceous glands in infants, commonly referred to as cradle cap?
What is the primary cause of acne?
What is the primary cause of acne?
What is the appearance of a blackhead caused by?
What is the appearance of a blackhead caused by?
What percentage of the body must be affected by second-degree burns for them to be considered critical?
What percentage of the body must be affected by second-degree burns for them to be considered critical?
Which type of skin cancer is known for its relatively slow metastasis?
Which type of skin cancer is known for its relatively slow metastasis?
What type of tissue primarily composes the epidermis?
What type of tissue primarily composes the epidermis?
What characteristic is NOT part of the ABCD rule for detecting malignant melanoma?
What characteristic is NOT part of the ABCD rule for detecting malignant melanoma?
Which statement accurately describes squamous cell carcinoma?
Which statement accurately describes squamous cell carcinoma?
Which component is NOT found in the dermis?
Which component is NOT found in the dermis?
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
What is the primary function of keratin in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of keratin in the epidermis?
Which of the following layers is considered superficial to the dermis?
Which of the following layers is considered superficial to the dermis?
What structure is primarily responsible for tactile sensation in the skin?
What structure is primarily responsible for tactile sensation in the skin?
Which layer of the skin anchors it to underlying organs?
Which layer of the skin anchors it to underlying organs?
What is the main characteristic of connective tissue found in the dermis?
What is the main characteristic of connective tissue found in the dermis?
Which statement about the epidermis is TRUE?
Which statement about the epidermis is TRUE?
What type of keratin is primarily found in the central medulla of hair?
What type of keratin is primarily found in the central medulla of hair?
Which structure provides nutrients to the growing hair?
Which structure provides nutrients to the growing hair?
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
Which type of hair is characterized as being fine and soft?
Which type of hair is characterized as being fine and soft?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive hairiness?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive hairiness?
What is the main component of hair that provides strength and compaction?
What is the main component of hair that provides strength and compaction?
Where does hair grow from in the skin?
Where does hair grow from in the skin?
Which type of hair growth is most commonly associated with male pattern baldness?
Which type of hair growth is most commonly associated with male pattern baldness?
What is the primary role of the stratum basale in the nail structure?
What is the primary role of the stratum basale in the nail structure?
Which part of the nail is embedded in the skin?
Which part of the nail is embedded in the skin?
Which skin function is primarily served by the dendritic cells present in the epidermis?
Which skin function is primarily served by the dendritic cells present in the epidermis?
What is a characteristic feature of nails regarding pigmentation?
What is a characteristic feature of nails regarding pigmentation?
How does the skin function in temperature regulation during cold environments?
How does the skin function in temperature regulation during cold environments?
What is the function of the cuticle in nail anatomy?
What is the function of the cuticle in nail anatomy?
Which of the following substances are secreted by the skin to provide a chemical barrier?
Which of the following substances are secreted by the skin to provide a chemical barrier?
What type of sensory receptors are tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles classified as?
What type of sensory receptors are tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles classified as?
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Study Notes
Skin and Body Membranes
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The integumentary system includes the skin (cutaneous membrane) and its derivatives: sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails.
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Epidermis:
- Outermost layer, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
- Keratinized layer prevents water loss and is avascular.
- Mainly made up of keratinocytes.
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Dermis:
- Layer beneath the epidermis consisting of dense, vascular connective tissue.
- Has two layers: papillary (upper) and reticular (lower).
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Hypodermis (superficial fascia):
- Deep to dermis, not technically part of the skin.
- Anchors skin to underlying organs and composed mostly of adipose tissue.
Skin Color Alterations
- Erythema: Redness from embarrassment, inflammation, or fever.
- Pallor: Blanching due to stress, anemia, or low blood pressure.
- Jaundice: Yellowing associated with liver disorder.
- Bronzing: Seen in Addison’s disease.
- Bruises (hematomas): Result from blood vessel damage.
Skin Appendages
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All cutaneous glands are exocrine, including sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands.
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Sebaceous Glands:
- Produce sebum, a lubricant for skin and hair, and help kill bacteria.
- Activated at puberty; duct structure varies.
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Sweat Glands:
- Important for thermoregulation and waste excretion.
Hair Structure
- Hair consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells produced in hair follicles.
- Melanocytes provide pigmentation for hair color.
- Hair Anatomy:
- Central medulla with soft keratin, cortex surrounding it, and a heavily keratinized cuticle providing strength.
Nail Structure
- Nails are scale-like, modified epidermis that are heavily keratinized.
- Growth occurs in the stratum basale beneath the nail bed; lack of pigment makes them colorless.
Skin Functions
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Protection:
- Chemical barriers (skin secretions, sebum) and physical barriers (stratum corneum).
- Biological barriers include dendritic cells and macrophages.
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Body Temperature Regulation:
- Maintains homeostasis via constriction/dilation of dermal blood vessels.
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Sensation:
- Richly supplied with sensory receptors, classified as exteroceptors (e.g., Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles).
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Metabolic Functions:
- Skin functions as a chemical factory, influenced by sunlight.
Burns and Skin Cancer
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Critical Burns:
- Over 25% body with second-degree burns or 10% with third-degree burns classified as critical.
- Third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet are particularly severe.
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Skin Cancer:
- Most common cancer, classified into benign (non-spreading) and malignant (spreading).
Types of Skin Cancer
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Basal Cell Carcinoma:
- Most common and least malignant, originating from stratum basale.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
- Can metastasize to lymph nodes if not removed; early removal increases cure chances.
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Malignant Melanoma:
- Cancers originating from melanocytes; highly deadly with rapid metastasis.
- Detection follows the ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter over 6 mm).
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