Skin and Body Membranes - Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

What causes redness (erythema) in the skin?

  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Hormonal changes
  • Low blood pressure
  • Impaired blood flow to the area

    • Which of the following skin alterations is specifically associated with a liver disorder?

  • Jaundice (correct)
  • Pallor
  • Bruising
  • Bronzing

    • What is the function of sebaceous glands?

  • To produce sweat
  • To transport nutrients
  • To produce oil (sebum) (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature

    • What condition is characterized by accumulated sebum blocking a sebaceous gland duct?

    <p>Whitehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland is responsible for producing sweat?

    <p>Eccrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the overactivity of sebaceous glands in infants, commonly referred to as cradle cap?

    <p>Seborrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acne?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of a blackhead caused by?

    <p>Oxidation of dried sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the body must be affected by second-degree burns for them to be considered critical?

    <p>Over 25 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skin cancer is known for its relatively slow metastasis?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily composes the epidermis?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT part of the ABCD rule for detecting malignant melanoma?

    <p>Color uniformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>It is believed to be sun-induced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT found in the dermis?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of skin cancer?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratin in the epidermis?

    <p>Prevent water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers is considered superficial to the dermis?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for tactile sensation in the skin?

    <p>Lamellar corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin anchors it to underlying organs?

    <p>Hypodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of connective tissue found in the dermis?

    <p>Dense and vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the epidermis is TRUE?

    <p>Most cells in it are keratinocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of keratin is primarily found in the central medulla of hair?

    <p>Soft keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides nutrients to the growing hair?

    <p>Hair papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?

    <p>Pulls hairs upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hair is characterized as being fine and soft?

    <p>Vellus hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive hairiness?

    <p>Hirsutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of hair that provides strength and compaction?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hair grow from in the skin?

    <p>Hair bulb in stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hair growth is most commonly associated with male pattern baldness?

    <p>True or frank baldness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the stratum basale in the nail structure?

    <p>It is responsible for nail growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nail is embedded in the skin?

    <p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin function is primarily served by the dendritic cells present in the epidermis?

    <p>Biological barrier protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of nails regarding pigmentation?

    <p>Nails lack pigment, making them colorless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin function in temperature regulation during cold environments?

    <p>Dermal blood vessels constrict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cuticle in nail anatomy?

    <p>It protects the nail from infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are secreted by the skin to provide a chemical barrier?

    <p>Natural antibiotics and defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptors are tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles classified as?

    <p>Exteroceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin and Body Membranes

    • The integumentary system includes the skin (cutaneous membrane) and its derivatives: sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails.

    • Epidermis:

      • Outermost layer, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
      • Keratinized layer prevents water loss and is avascular.
      • Mainly made up of keratinocytes.

    • Dermis:

      • Layer beneath the epidermis consisting of dense, vascular connective tissue.
      • Has two layers: papillary (upper) and reticular (lower).

    • Hypodermis (superficial fascia):

      • Deep to dermis, not technically part of the skin.
      • Anchors skin to underlying organs and composed mostly of adipose tissue.

    Skin Color Alterations

    • Erythema: Redness from embarrassment, inflammation, or fever.
    • Pallor: Blanching due to stress, anemia, or low blood pressure.
    • Jaundice: Yellowing associated with liver disorder.
    • Bronzing: Seen in Addison’s disease.
    • Bruises (hematomas): Result from blood vessel damage.

    Skin Appendages

    • All cutaneous glands are exocrine, including sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands.

    • Sebaceous Glands:

      • Produce sebum, a lubricant for skin and hair, and help kill bacteria.
      • Activated at puberty; duct structure varies.

    • Sweat Glands:

      • Important for thermoregulation and waste excretion.

    Hair Structure

    • Hair consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells produced in hair follicles.
    • Melanocytes provide pigmentation for hair color.
    • Hair Anatomy:
      • Central medulla with soft keratin, cortex surrounding it, and a heavily keratinized cuticle providing strength.

    Nail Structure

    • Nails are scale-like, modified epidermis that are heavily keratinized.
    • Growth occurs in the stratum basale beneath the nail bed; lack of pigment makes them colorless.

    Skin Functions

    • Protection:

      • Chemical barriers (skin secretions, sebum) and physical barriers (stratum corneum).
      • Biological barriers include dendritic cells and macrophages.

    • Body Temperature Regulation:

      • Maintains homeostasis via constriction/dilation of dermal blood vessels.

    • Sensation:

      • Richly supplied with sensory receptors, classified as exteroceptors (e.g., Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles).

    • Metabolic Functions:

      • Skin functions as a chemical factory, influenced by sunlight.

    Burns and Skin Cancer

    • Critical Burns:

      • Over 25% body with second-degree burns or 10% with third-degree burns classified as critical.
      • Third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet are particularly severe.

    • Skin Cancer:

      • Most common cancer, classified into benign (non-spreading) and malignant (spreading).

    Types of Skin Cancer

    • Basal Cell Carcinoma:

      • Most common and least malignant, originating from stratum basale.

    • Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

      • Can metastasize to lymph nodes if not removed; early removal increases cure chances.

    • Malignant Melanoma:

      • Cancers originating from melanocytes; highly deadly with rapid metastasis.
      • Detection follows the ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter over 6 mm).

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 4 of the PowerPoint lecture slides regarding skin and body membranes. It covers key concepts related to the structure and functions of the skin and its derivatives, such as sweat glands. Test your knowledge on the essential components of the integumentary system.

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