Week 7 皮肤和下肢系统 Integumentary System & Body Membranes

• Integumentary system refers to the skin
• Video link contains images of skin

Skin Structure

• Epidermis is the outer layer
• Dermis is the inner layer
• Subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis
• Sebaceous glands secrete oil
• Sweat glands produce sweat
• Arrector pili muscle causes hair to stand
• Pore of hair is an opening for hair follicle
• Arterial blood supplies blood
• Venous blood returns blood

Functions of Body Membranes

• Cover surfaces
• Line body cavities
• Form protective sheets around organs
• Provide lubrication

Classification of Body Membranes

• Epithelial membranes include cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes
• Cutaneous membranes are dry and exposed to the external environment
• Mucous membranes are wet and line cavities open to the exterior
• Serous membranes line closed body cavities
• Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes found in joint cavities

Skin Functions

• Mechanical damage protection
• Chemical damage protection
• UV damage protection
• Thermal damage protection
• Bacterial damage protection
• Desiccation damage protection
• Temperature control

Skin Functions cont.

• Excretion of urea and uric acid
• Synthesis of vitamin D
• Housing for sensory receptors

Dermis and Decubitus

• Dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, and nerve endings
• Skin color determination factors include melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
• Melanin is a pigment
• Carotene is a pigment
• Hemoglobin is a protein
• Cyanosis is blueness due to lack of oxygen
• Erythema is redness
• Pallor is paleness
• Jaundice is yellowing
• Bruises are black and blue due to blood
• Decubitus ulcers are bedsores

Burns

• Rule of nines estimates burn percentage in adults
• Head and neck equal 9%
• Each arm equals 9%
• Each leg equals 18%
• Anterior trunk equals 18%
• Posterior trunk equals 18%
• Genital region equals 1%

Burns cont.

• Serious consequences of burns include loss of fluids and electrolytes, and infections
• First-degree burns damage the epidermis
• Second-degree burns damage the epidermis and dermis
• Third-degree burns damage the entire skin layer
• Critical burns include over 25% with second-degree burns, over 10% with third-degree burns, or third-degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

Muscle Activity

• Muscles cross at least one joint
• Muscle bulk lies proximal to the joint
• Muscles have at least two attachments: origin and insertion
• Muscles shorten or resist lengthening
• Muscles bring one bone closer to another during contraction

Muscles and Body Movements

• Movement occurs because of muscles moving attached bones
• Tendons connect muscle to bone
• Ligaments connect bone to bone

Muscles

• Muscles of the lower limb
• Types of muscle contractions include concentric, eccentric, and isometric
• Concentric contractions shorten muscles and generate movement
• Eccentric contractions lengthen muscles and control movement
• Isometric contractions generate force without changing muscle length

Facial, Neck, Thorax and Abdomen Muscles

• Facial muscles include frontalis, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oris
• Neck muscles include platysma and sternocleidomastoid
• Thorax muscles include pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and intercostals
• Abdomen muscles include rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique

Transversus Abdominis

• Transversus abdominis is a deep abdominal muscle

Neck, Arm, and Forearm Muscles

• Neck muscles include occipitalis, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius
• Arm muscles include triceps brachii and brachialis
• Forearm muscles include brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum

Shoulder, Hip and Thigh Muscles

• Shoulder/back muscles include deltoid and latissimus dorsi
• Hip muscles include gluteus medius and gluteus maximus
• Thigh muscles include adductor muscle and hamstrings
• Hamstrings include biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

Other Muscle and Tendon Locations

• Leg muscles include gastrocnemius, soleus, and fibularis longus
• Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon connects calf muscles to the heel
• 12th rib is the bottom rib
• 5th lumbar vertebra is in the lower back
• Quadriceps include rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis
• Patella is the kneecap

Important Landmarks

• Gluteus medius is the middle buttock muscle
• Gluteus maximus is the large buttock muscle
• Adductor magnus is a large inner thigh muscle
• Iliotibial tract is a band of tissue on the outer thigh
• Hamstring group refers to muscles on the back of the thigh
• Biceps femoris is a hamstring muscle
• Semitendinosus is a hamstring muscle
• Semimembranosus is a hamstring muscle
• Gastrocnemius is a calf muscle

Additional Facts

• Fibularis longus is a muscle on the outer lower leg
• Gastrocnemius: calf muscle
• Fibularis brevis is a muscle on the outer lower leg
• Tibia is the shin bone
• Tibialis anterior is a muscle in the front of the shin
• Extensor digitorum longus is a muscle that extends the toes
• Soleus: calf muscle
• Fibularis tertius: muscle of the lower leg
• Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon: back of the ankle
• Medial malleolus: inner ankle bone
• Lateral malleolus: outer ankle bone

Key Muscles of the Lower and Upper Limb

• Key muscles of the lower limb are quads, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, and gluteus maximus
• Key muscles of the upper limb are temporalis, rhomboids, rotator cuff, pec major, trapezius, deltoids, biceps, triceps, palmar and dorsal interossei

Muscular Pain

• Muscular pain is a common condition
• Myalgia is muscle pain
• Strain is a muscle injury
• DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness): soreness after exercise
• Tension: Pain from overuse

Tendinopathies: Causes

• Intrinsic factors include direct forces, overuse, poor flexibility, underlying disease, cortisone injection history, and aging tissue
• Extrinsic factors include training errors, poor equipment, and falls or trauma

Tendinopathies: Treatments

• Treatment includes R.I.C.E. (rest, ice, compression, elevation), ultrasound, shock wave therapy, splint or brace, medications, NSAIDs, and steroids

Tendinopathies: Massage

• Risks include acute inflammation
• Benefits may include pain reduction
• Options include friction and motion to address tendon issues

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

• DOMS occurs after vigorous and unaccustomed exercise
• DOMS begins 12 to 24 hours after exercise
• Muscle spasm (cramps) are involuntary muscle contractions
• Fatigue and pain are causes