Week 7 皮肤和下肢系统 Integumentary System

Integumentary System

• Integumentary refers to the skin system
• Study resources include a video link about skin

Skin Structure

• Epidermis: outermost layer
• Dermis: lies beneath the epidermis
• Subcutaneous Layer: is below the dermis
• Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum (oil)
• Sweat Gland: produces sweat
• Arrector Pili Muscle: causes hair to stand erect
• Pore of Hair: opening for hair follicle
• Arterial Blood: transports oxygenated blood
• Venous Blood: carries deoxygenated blood

Body Membrane Functions

• Body membranes cover surfaces
• Line body cavities are lined by body membranes
• Protective sheets form around organs due to membranes
• Membranes provide lubrication to reduce friction

Classification of Body Membranes

• Epithelial Membranes
  • Cutaneous membranes are dry and exposed externally
  • Mucous membranes are moist and line cavities open to the exterior
  • Serous membranes line closed body cavities
• Connective Membranes
  • Synovial membranes line joint cavities and provide lubrication

Skin Functions

• Protection from mechanical damage
• Protection from chemical damage
• Protection from UV damage
• Protection from thermal damage
• Protection from bacterial damage
• Prevention from desiccation damage
• Body temperature control via sweat and blood flow
• Excretion of urea and uric acid
• Synthesis of vitamin D
• Housing sensory receptors

Dermis & Skin Color

• Dermis comprises collagen, elastic fibers, and nerve endings.
• Melanin: leads to brown or black skin tones
• Carotene: leads to yellow-orange skin tones
• Hemoglobin: leads to pink or red skin tones
• Cyanosis: causes blue skin due to low oxygen
• Redness or Erythema: reddening of the skin
• Pallor or Blanching: paleness of the skin
• Jaundice or Yellow Cast: yellowing of the skin
• Bruises or Black-and-Blue (Ecchymosis/Hematomas): indicate blood accumulation
• Decubitus Ulcers: are bedsores from prolonged pressure

Burns

• Burns categorized by Rule of Nines to estimate affected body surface area in adults.
  • The front and back of the head and neck each account for 4.5% of the total body surface area
  • Each entire leg makes up 9%

Burns Consequences and Degrees

• Serious Consequences of Burns.
  • Loss of fluids and electrolytes
  • Infections
• First Degree (Superficial): affects the epidermis
• Second Degree (Partial Thickness): involves the epidermis and part of the dermis
• Third Degree (Full Thickness): destroys the epidermis and dermis
• Critical Burns.
  • Second-degree burns cover 25% or more of the body
  • Third-degree burns cover 10% or more of the body
  • Third-degree burns occur on the face, hands, or feet

Thinking About Skeletal Muscle Activity

• Muscles cross at least one joint
• The bulk of a muscle lies near the joint it crosses
• Muscles have at least two attachment points: an origin and an insertion
• Muscles can shorten or resist being lengthened
• Contraction brings one bone closer to another

Muscles and Movement

• Muscles facilitate body movement by moving attached bones
• Tendons attach muscles to bones
• Ligaments join bones to other bones

Lower Limb Muscles

• These muscles are located in the legs

Muscle Contraction Types

• Concentric contractions shorten the muscle against resistance
• Eccentric contractions lengthen the muscle while maintaining control and stability
• Isometric contractions generate tension without changing the muscle's length

Facial and Neck Muscles

• Frontalis: raises eyebrows
• Orbicularis oculi: closes eyes
• Zygomaticus: elevates corners of the mouth
• Orbicularis oris: closes and protrudes lips
• Platysma: tenses skin of the neck
• Sternocleidomastoid: flexes and rotates the neck

Thorax and Abdomen Muscles

• Pectoralis minor: deep chest muscle
• Pectoralis major: larger chest muscle
• Serratus anterior: protracts scapula
• Intercostals: muscles between ribs
• Rectus abdominis: midline abdominal muscle
• External oblique: outer abdominal muscle layer
• Internal oblique: middle abdominal muscle layer
• Transversus abdominis: deepest abdominal muscle layer

Neck, Arm and Forearm Muscles

• Occipitalis: back of the head
• Sternocleidomastoid: side of the neck
• Trapezius: upper back and neck
• Triceps brachii: back of the upper arm
• Brachialis: flexes elbow
• Brachioradialis: forearm
• Extensor carpi radialis longus: extends and abducts wrist
• Flexor carpi ulnaris: flexes and adducts wrist
• Extensor carpi ulnaris: extends and adducts wrist
• Extensor digitorum: extends fingers

Shoulder/Back, Hip and Thigh Muscles

• Deltoid: shoulder
• Latissimus dorsi: mid-back
• Gluteus medius: abducts thigh
• Gluteus maximus: extends hip
• Adductor muscle: adducts thigh
• Hamstrings: back of the thigh
  • Biceps femoris: outer hamstring muscle
  • Semitendinosus: inner hamstring muscle
  • Semimembranosus: deep inner hamstring

Leg and Key Tendon Muscles

• Gastrocnemius: calf muscle
• Soleus: deep calf muscle
• Fibularis longus: lateral lower leg
• Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon: heel

Additional Bone and Muscle Information

• 12th Rib: lowest rib
• 5th Lumbar Vertebra: lower spine bone
• Quadriceps: front of the thigh
  • Rectus femoris: quad muscle
  • Vastus lateralis: quad muscle
  • Vastus medialis: quad muscle
• Patella: kneecap

Hip and Leg Muscles

• Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh
• Gluteus maximus: extends the hip
• Adductor magnus: adducts the thigh
• Iliotibial tract: stabilizes hip and knee
• Hamstring group: back of thigh
  • Biceps femoris: outer hamstring
  • Semitendinosus: inner hamstring
  • Semimembranosus: deep inner hamstring
• Gastrocnemius: calf muscle

Lower Leg Muscles

• Fibularis longus: supports foot arch
• Gastrocnemius: flexes foot
• Fibularis brevis: everts foot
• Tibia: shin bone
• Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes foot
• Extensor digitorum longus: extends toes
• Soleus: plantarflexes foot
• Fibularis tertius: everts foot
• Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon: connects heel to calf muscles
• Medial malleolus: inner ankle bone
• Lateral malleolus: outer ankle bone

Lower Limb Key Muscles

• Quads
• Hamstrings
• Tibialis Anterior
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Gluteus maximus

Upper Limb Key Muscles

• Temporalis
• Rhomboids
• Rotator Cuff
• Pectoralis Major (Pec Major)
• Trapezius
• Deltoids
• Biceps
• Triceps
• Palmar and Dorsal Interossei: muscles in the hand

Muscular Pain

• Myalgia is muscular pain
• Strain: muscle tear
• DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness): muscle soreness after exercise
• Tension: muscle tightness

Tendinopathies

• Causes of Tendinopathies
  • Intrinsic Factors:
    • Direct, shearing forces through tendon
    • Overuse without recovery time
    • Poor flexibility
    • Underlying disease
    • Cortisone injection history
    • Aging tissue
  • Extrinsic Factors:
    • Training errors
    • Poor equipment
    • Fall or trauma

Tendinopathies Treatments

• R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
• Ultrasound, Shock Wave Therapy
• Splint or Brace
• Medications:
  • NSAIDs
  • Steroids

Tendinopathies Continued

• Massage: may help, but mechanism unclear
  • Risks: avoid during acute inflammation
  • Benefits: potentially aids in healing
  • Options: friction and movement might address tendon issues

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

• It occurs after intense or unfamiliar exercise
• DOMS starts 12-24 hours post exercise

Muscle Spasms (Cramps)

• Muscle contraction is involuntary
• Fatigue is a factor
• Cramps cause pain