Skeletal System Overview and Terminology
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Questions and Answers

The ilium is the most inferior part of the hip bone.

False

The carpal bones are located in the wrist area.

True

The femur is the shortest bone in the body.

False

The humerus consists of a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sternum lies posterior to the thorax.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tarsus is made up of five bones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ribs form the thoracic cage and protect various organs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cranium is composed of 22 bones, all of which are cranial bones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ulna is located next to the tibia in the leg.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pelvis is formed by the fusion of the hip bones, including the pubis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is associated with the combining form clavicul/o.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthrocentesis is a procedure that involves the surgical removal of a joint.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the bone marrow.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bursitis refers to the inflammation of the bursa.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondromalacia is the term for the softening of cartilage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A craniotomy is an incision into the wrist.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical term for the knee cap is patella.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synovitis refers to the inflammation of the synovial membrane.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteomyelitis is a condition that affects blood cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'intervertebral' pertains to the bones of the skull.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is a vertical bone that connects the sternum to the scapula.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maxilla is part of the skull and forms the upper jaw.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fibula is located on the anterior portion of the leg.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx is also referred to as the base of the vertebral column.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pelvis is specifically designed to support the upper limbs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The patella serves as protection for the elbow joint.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each finger has four phalanges.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scapula is a flat triangular bone located at the front of the trunk.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thorax contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar spine is situated in the upper half of the vertebral column.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kyphosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive concavity.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of the foot in a backward direction.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'my/o' specifically refers to tendons.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The suffix '–asthenia' indicates a condition of weakness.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plantar flexion is the act of bending the toes upward.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'myopathy' refers to a disease of the muscles.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypertonia is characterized by insufficient muscle tone.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abduction involves movement towards the midline of the body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinesia denotes slow movement.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fasciitis is the term used for the inflammation of muscle fibers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metatarsal bones are located in the hand.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rib cage protects the thoracic cavity and various organs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacrum is made up of seven fused vertebrae.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The femur is the longest bone in the human body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carpal bones are located in the ankle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humerus connects the shoulder to the elbow.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ulna is located medial to the radius in the forearm.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tibia is known as the calf bone.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pelvis is made up of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are 22 bones in the human skull, all of which are cranial bones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scoliosis is described as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscular system functions include the ability of individual cells to contract and produce movement.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'ten/o' refers to muscle tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dorsiflexion is the action of bending the sole of the foot downwards.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperkinesia refers to a condition of excessive movement.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myasthenia refers to excessive muscle tone.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The suffix '–otomy' indicates a surgical procedure to cut into a structure.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abduction involves movement of a body part toward the midline.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle pain is referred to as myalgia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypotonia refers to excessive muscle tone.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is a vertically positioned bone that supports the ribs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maxilla forms the upper jaw and includes support for the upper teeth.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fibula is a thick, cylindrical bone located on the anterior portion of the leg.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx consists of several small, fused bones and helps support weight while sitting.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thorax contains the spine and is responsible for protecting the lungs and heart.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each finger has three phalanges, but the thumb has only two.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pubis is located at the back of the pelvis and is vital for supporting the internal organs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scapula is often referred to as the shoulder blade and is located at the front of the trunk.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar spine is located in the lower half of the vertebral column.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The patella, also known as the kneecap, protects the ankle joint.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'osteoclasia' refers to the surgical fusion of a joint.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthralgia is a term used to describe pain in the joints.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'myel/o' represents the rib.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondroma is a tumor that affects cartilage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthroclasia is a procedure to repair ligaments.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ilium is one of the three bones that make up the pelvis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surgical removal of bursa is termed bursitis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'intracranial' refers to the outer portion of the skull.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteomyelitis involves inflammation of the bone marrow.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cervical pertains to the bones of the rib cage.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth?

<p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the coccyx?

<p>To help support weight while sitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the shoulder blade?

<p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body does the fibula belong to?

<p>Leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does each finger possess?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is considered the strongest and longest in the body?

<p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the head to the shoulders and chest?

<p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone serves to protect the knee joint?

<p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones forms the structure known as the rib cage?

<p>Ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lumbar spine refer to in the vertebral column?

<p>Lower half of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is part of the pelvis and forms the front portion?

<p>Pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges in the foot?

<p>Metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is part of the cranium?

<p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is included within the thorax?

<p>Ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sacrum?

<p>Connect the spine to the iliac bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located on the posterior side of the leg?

<p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the shin bone?

<p>Tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT one of the main parts of the cranium?

<p>Temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical term for the upper jaw is which of the following?

<p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is NOT classified as a long bone?

<p>Coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '–asthenia' signify in medical terminology?

<p>weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive posterior curvature?

<p>kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dorsiflexion associated with in terms of movement?

<p>bending the foot backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form refers specifically to muscle fibers?

<p>myos/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'ad-' indicate in medical terminology?

<p>toward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the surgical repair of a muscle?

<p>myoplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does 'hyperkinesia' refer to?

<p>excessive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'fascial' in medical terminology?

<p>pertaining to fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes difficulty in movement?

<p>dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'myorrhexis' refer to in medical terminology?

<p>muscle rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the skeletal system?

<p>Regulates body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'arthr/o' refer to?

<p>Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms denotes inflammation of a joint?

<p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix indicates a surgical removal procedure?

<p>-ectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes the softening of cartilage?

<p>Chondromalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched to its meaning?

<p>Arthrosclerosis - hardening of a joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'oste/o' relate to?

<p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature does the term 'intervertebral' describe?

<p>Between vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the procedure for viewing a joint?

<p>Arthroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'osteomyelitis' specifically refer to?

<p>Inflammation of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the surgical procedure involving the fusion of a joint?

<p>Arthrodesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for inflammation of the bursa?

<p>Bursitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form represents bone marrow?

<p>Myel/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a condition involving the softening of cartilage?

<p>Chondromalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the surgical removal of cartilage?

<p>Chondrectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical term for the process of surgically cutting into a bone is known as?

<p>Osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?

<p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combining form indicates 'rib' in anatomical terminology?

<p>Cost/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'vertebr/o' refer to?

<p>Vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the inflammation of a synovial membrane?

<p>Synovitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ribs in the body?

<p>Facilitate breathing movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton is primarily responsible for connecting the head to the shoulders?

<p>Neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the femur bone in the human body?

<p>It connects the knee to the hip joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bones that create the cranium?

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is classified as an irregularly shaped bone?

<p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone in the leg is located laterally to the tibia?

<p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are the metacarpus classified as?

<p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, what does 'phalangeal' refer to?

<p>Bones of the fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure known as the thoracic cage primarily serves to protect which of the following?

<p>The lungs and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following denotes the bone structure consisting of fused vertebrae?

<p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'kinesi/o' refer to?

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-itis' indicate?

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the act of bending?

<p>flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the prefix 'ad-'?

<p>towards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes insufficient muscle tone?

<p>hypotonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical term refers to inflammation of the fascia?

<p>fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by bending the sole of the foot and pointing the toes?

<p>plantar flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does 'myasthenia' refer to?

<p>muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bradykinesia' mean?

<p>slow movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms indicates a study of movement?

<p>kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the fibula in the leg?

<p>It provides stability to the leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the upper jaw and aids in the structure of the nasal cavity?

<p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the coccyx in the human body?

<p>It acts as a point of attachment for several muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the patella's location and function?

<p>A bone that is free-floating in front of the knee joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions accurately identifies the lumbar spine?

<p>It is often referred to as the lower back region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone in the body is specifically known as the shoulder blade?

<p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pelvis serve in the human body?

<p>It serves as a base for the spine and supports internal organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the mandible?

<p>It is the only mobile bone in the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones compose the phalanges in the fingers and toes?

<p>Each digit has three phalanges, except for the thumb and big toe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thorax in the skeletal structure?

<p>It protects the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

<p>The primary function of the skeletal system is to provide an internal framework that supports and protects the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define arthralgia.

<p>Arthralgia refers to joint pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term chondromalacia mean?

<p>Chondromalacia means the softening of cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the combining form oste/o?

<p>The combining form oste/o relates to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'arthroscopy'.

<p>Arthroscopy is a procedure that uses an instrument to view a joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does synovectomy involve?

<p>Synovectomy involves the surgical removal of the synovial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the axial skeleton?

<p>The main components of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a craniotomy entail?

<p>A craniotomy entails making an incision into the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define bursitis.

<p>Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patella?

<p>The patella, or kneecap, protects the knee joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the hip bone forms the most superior and largest part of the pelvis?

<p>The ilium forms the most superior and largest part of the pelvis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are located in the wrist and are irregularly shaped?

<p>The carpal bones are located in the wrist and are irregularly shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the bone structure that forms the thoracic cage?

<p>The ribs form the thoracic cage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the longest and strongest bone in the human body.

<p>The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the two long bones found in the forearm?

<p>The radius and ulna are the two long bones in the forearm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tibia primarily refer to in the context of the leg?

<p>The tibia is known as the shin bone in the leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone lies in the anterior midline of the thorax?

<p>The sternum lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones constitute the tarsus, and where are they located?

<p>The tarsus consists of 7 bones located in the posterior aspect of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined term for the five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine?

<p>The sacrum is made up of five fused vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two main parts of the cranium.

<p>The two main parts of the cranium are the cranial roof and the cranial base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the clavicle play in the skeletal structure?

<p>The clavicle acts as a strut to keep the shoulder in place, connecting the sternum to the scapula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main function of the coccyx in the human body.

<p>The coccyx supports weight while sitting and provides attachment for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in each finger and toe?

<p>Each finger has three phalanges, while each thumb and big toe have two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the lumbar spine in human anatomy?

<p>The lumbar spine supports much of the body's weight and allows for flexibility and movement in the lower back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the shoulder blade?

<p>The scapula is commonly referred to as the shoulder blade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the bone that forms the upper jaw.

<p>The maxilla forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the patella?

<p>The patella protects the knee joint and enhances the leverage of the thigh muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between the tibia and fibula.

<p>The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, while the fibula lies parallel to it on the posterior side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bones comprise the pelvis?

<p>The pelvis is made up of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures does the thorax protect?

<p>The thorax, or chest region, protects the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define kyphosis and discuss its impact on posture.

<p>Kyphosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by an excessive outward curve, often resulting in a hunchback appearance. This condition can lead to poor posture, back pain, and difficulty with movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

<p>Abduction refers to movement away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the movement towards the midline. Both are essential for various bodily functions and coordinated movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'myasthenia' as related to muscle function.

<p>Myasthenia refers to muscle weakness, often due to a neuromuscular disorder affecting the communication between nerves and muscles. It impacts strength and endurance during physical activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-kinesia' indicate in medical terms?

<p>'-kinesia' refers to movement or the act of moving. It’s used in terms like bradykinesia, which describes slow movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.

<p>Plantar flexion is the movement that points the toes downward, while dorsiflexion refers to bending the foot backward towards the shin. Both movements are critical for walking and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the muscle combining form that relates specifically to heart muscle.

<p>The combining form for heart muscle is 'myocardi/o'. It is used in medical terms related to conditions and functions of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polymyositis and how does it affect the body?

<p>Polymyositis is an inflammatory disease that affects multiple muscles, leading to weakness and potential loss of muscle function. It can significantly impair daily activities and mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of 'atonia' in the context of muscle tone.

<p>Atonia refers to a lack of muscle tone, which can result in decreased strength and stability. It is critical in assessing conditions affecting muscle control and overall body functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using the prefix 'ab-' in medical terminology?

<p>The prefix 'ab-' means away from, utilized in terms like 'abduction' to indicate the movement of limbs away from the body. This helps in accurately describing anatomical movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'hypertonia' affect muscle function?

<p>Hypertonia is a condition characterized by excessive muscle tone, leading to stiffness and reduced flexibility. It can hinder movement and affect posture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the cranium?

<p>The two main parts of the cranium are the cranial roof and the cranial base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are the metatarsal bones categorized as, and where are they located?

<p>Metatarsal bones are categorized as long bones and they are located in the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure of the femur.

<p>The femur consists of a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cranial bones are there in the human skull?

<p>There are eight cranial bones in the human skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ribs in the human body?

<p>Ribs form the thoracic cage and protect various organs within the thoracic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sternum in the body?

<p>The sternum lies in the anterior midline of the thorax and protects the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sacrum located and what is its composition?

<p>The sacrum is located at the base of the spine and is made up of five fused vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the metacarpus?

<p>The metacarpus consists of five bones located in the hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anatomical landmark of the humerus?

<p>The humerus contains important anatomical landmarks at its proximal end, shaft, and distal end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the tarsus in the foot?

<p>The tarsus is composed of seven bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

<p>The skeletal system serves as an internal framework, supports the body, protects internal organs, provides points of attachment for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'arthralgia' and its significance in musculoskeletal terminology.

<p>'Arthralgia' refers to joint pain, indicating potential underlying musculoskeletal disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'oste/o' specifically relate to?

<p>The combining form 'oste/o' relates specifically to bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'osteomyelitis' and what area of the body does it affect?

<p>'Osteomyelitis' is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'chondromalacia' affect cartilage in the body?

<p>'Chondromalacia' refers to the softening of cartilage, which can lead to joint pain and dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'arthrodesis' and its purpose in orthopedic surgery.

<p>'Arthrodesis' is a surgical procedure for fusion of a joint to relieve pain and improve stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bursitis' indicate about the state of bursae in the body?

<p>'Bursitis' indicates inflammation of the bursa, which can result from repetitive motion or pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive outward bending?

<p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'chondrectomy' and its relevance in medical treatment.

<p>'Chondrectomy' is the surgical removal of cartilage, often performed to treat damaged or diseased cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes movement toward the midline of the body?

<p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intervertebral' signify in terms of vertebrae?

<p>'Intervertebral' refers to the spaces or structures located between vertebrae in the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'hypokinesia' in relation to muscle movement.

<p>Hypokinesia refers to insufficient movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the combining form 'myel/o' play in medical terminology?

<p>The combining form 'myel/o' relates to bone marrow and its associated conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the combining form 'my/o' refer to?

<p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of 'hypertonia' on muscle tone?

<p>Hypertonia is characterized by excessive muscle tone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'myalgia'?

<p>Myalgia refers to muscle pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what 'dorsiflexion' means in terms of foot movement.

<p>Dorsiflexion refers to the backward bending of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-asthenia' indicate in a medical term?

<p>'-asthenia' indicates weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'fasciitis'.

<p>Fasciitis is the inflammation of fascia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'bradykinesia'?

<p>Bradykinesia means slow movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the clavicle play in the skeletal system?

<p>The clavicle plays a role in stabilizing the shoulder and connects the arm to the trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical significance of the maxilla.

<p>The maxilla forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth while shaping parts of the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibula in the leg?

<p>The fibula provides stability and support to the ankle and lower leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the coccyx in human anatomy.

<p>The coccyx, or tailbone, supports weight while sitting and forms the base of the vertebral column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in each finger, and what is their function?

<p>Each finger has three phalanges, which allow for flexibility and dexterity in hand movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pubis in the pelvis?

<p>The pubis forms the front part of the pelvis and supports the pelvic cavity and reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the thorax?

<p>The thorax protects vital organs like the heart and lungs and aids in respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the lumbar spine differ from other parts of the vertebral column?

<p>The lumbar spine is located in the lower half of the vertebral column and bears more weight, allowing for greater flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the protection role of the patella in the knee joint.

<p>The patella, or kneecap, protects the knee joint from damage and enhances the mechanical function of the leg during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the scapula in the upper torso.

<p>The scapula, or shoulder blade, allows for a wide range of movement in the shoulder and connects the upper arms to the trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system serves as the internal __________ of the body.

<p>framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'oste/o' refers to __________.

<p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthritis is an inflammation of the __________.

<p>joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a paired bone of the pelvis.

<p>ischium</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is a surgical incision into a joint.

<p>arthrotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bursitis refers to the inflammation of a __________.

<p>bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is an instrument used to view a joint.

<p>arthroscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ bones are located in the wrist area.

<p>carpal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'intervertebral' pertains to the spaces __________ vertebrae.

<p>between</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the term for a tumor of cartilage.

<p>chondroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ilium forms the most superior and largest part of the ______.

<p>hip bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ bones consist of five long bones located in the foot.

<p>metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal spinal curvatures include kyphosis, lordosis, and ______.

<p>scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ protects the thoracic cavity and various organs.

<p>rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The individual muscle cells are able to contract, producing ______.

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is part of the lower limb and extends from the hip to the knee.

<p>femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is an irregularly shaped bone, made up of fused vertebrae.

<p>sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form for muscle is ______.

<p>muscul/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end, shaft, and distal end are parts of the ______.

<p>humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix 'ab–' indicates movement ______ from the midline.

<p>away</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ consists of eight small and irregularly shaped bones.

<p>carpal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

An inflammation of fascia is known as ______.

<p>fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The suffix '–tonia' relates to muscle ______.

<p>tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is also known as the shin bone.

<p>tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dorsiflexion involves the ______ bending of the foot.

<p>backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.

<p>sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myalgia is a term for ______ pain.

<p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main parts of the cranium are the cranial ______ and the cranial base.

<p>roof</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinesia is characterized by ______ movement.

<p>slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'dystonia' refers to an ______ tone of muscles.

<p>abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a slender, cylindrical leg bone located on the posterior portion of the limb.

<p>fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth.

<p>maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull.

<p>mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.

<p>scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ refers to the bony structure that supports the internal organs and transfers body weight to the lower limbs.

<p>pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is known as the kneecap and protects the knee joint from damage.

<p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ contains three bones in each finger, while the thumb has only two.

<p>phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ consists of several small fused bones and helps support weight while sitting.

<p>coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ represents the chest region and contains ribs that protect the heart and lungs.

<p>thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ lies horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage.

<p>clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a bone in the pelvis that is one of its three components.

<p>ilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a structure that connects the arm to the trunk.

<p>clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is known as the knee cap.

<p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to the softening of cartilage.

<p>chondromalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ refers to inflammation of the synovial membrane.

<p>synovitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the outer portion of a bone.

<p>cortic/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix ______ refers to the vertebral bones.

<p>vertebr/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthritis is a term used to describe ______ inflammation.

<p>joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ bones are located in the wrist area.

<p>carpal</p> Signup and view all the answers

A surgical procedure to fuse a joint is known as ______.

<p>arthrodesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal spinal curvatures include kyphosis, lordosis, and ______.

<p>scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individual cells in the muscular system are able to ______ or shorten in length.

<p>contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'my/o' refers to ______.

<p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement away from the midline of the body is called ______.

<p>abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'dystonia' refers to abnormal ______ of muscle tone.

<p>tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a condition known as ______, there is muscle pain.

<p>myalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinesia is defined as ______ movement.

<p>slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The suffix '–itis' indicates ______ of a specific area, such as 'fasciitis.'

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The act of bending or being bent is known as ______.

<p>flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combining form 'kinesi/o' relates to ______.

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the main bone of the pelvis.

<p>hip bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ are a group of five long bones located in the foot.

<p>metatarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ribs form the ______ cage, which protects various organs.

<p>thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is made up of a group of five fused vertebrae.

<p>sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The femur is known as the ______ bone in the body.

<p>strongest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ consists of the proximal end, shaft, and distal end.

<p>humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ forms the posterior aspect of the foot.

<p>tarsus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bone located next to the radius in the forearm is called the ______.

<p>ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carpal bones are found ______ the phalanges.

<p>between</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is located in the anterior midline of our thorax.

<p>sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ extends from the elbow to the wrist and plays a role in arm movement and stability.

<p>ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is an elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the ______ across the upper part of the ribcage.

<p>sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth.

<p>maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fibula is a slender, cylindrical leg bone that is located on the ______ portion of the limb.

<p>posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is also known as the tailbone and is the bottom part of the vertebral column.

<p>coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each finger and toe has three ______, except for the thumb and big toe, which have only two.

<p>phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ forms the base of the spine and supports the internal organs.

<p>pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ protects the knee joint from damage and is commonly referred to as the kneecap.

<p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scapula, also known as the ______, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.

<p>shoulder blade</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thorax contains the ribs, which protect the ______ and lungs.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the combining forms with their meanings:

<p>oste/o = bone arthr/o = joint myel/o = bone marrow chondr/o = cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the suffixes with their related conditions:

<p>–itis = inflammation –ectomy = surgical removal –algia = pain –oma = tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bones with their corresponding locations:

<p>humeral = upper arm femoral = thigh cervical = neck tarsal = ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of surgeries with their definitions:

<p>arthrodesis = fusion of a joint osteotomy = incision into a bone craniotomy = incision into the skull chondrectomy = surgical removal of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bones with their anatomical descriptions:

<p>clavicle = collarbone coccyx = tailbone metacarpals = hand bones pelvis = hip bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bone with its description:

<p>Humerus = Longest and largest bone of the upper limb Femur = Strongest and longest bone in the body Radius = Long bone located in the forearm next to the ulna Tibia = Long bone of the leg found medial to the fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bone group with their location:

<p>Carpal bones = Located in the wrist area Metatarsal bones = Located in the foot Costal bones = Form the rib cage Cranial bones = Part of the skull anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the anatomical term with its corresponding bone:

<p>Clavicle = Scapular Maxilla = Mandibular Patella = Patellar Coccyx = Coccygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of bone with its characteristic:

<p>Flat bones = Ribs that protect various organs Long bones = Humerus and femur Irregular bones = Sacrum made up of fused vertebrae Short bones = Carpals in the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bone with its location in the body:

<p>Scapula = Located at the upper back Ulnar = One of the two long bones in the forearm Pelvis = Bone structure at the base of the spine Sternum = Bone lying in the anterior midline of the thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the combining form with its corresponding bone:

<p>Lumbar = Low back vertebrae Phalangeal = Bones of the fingers and toes Fibular = Associated with the outer bone of the leg Pelvic = Related to the hip area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of spine with its description:

<p>Cervical spine = The uppermost part of the vertebral column Thoracic spine = Connected to the ribs Lumbar spine = Located in the lower back Sacral spine = Fusion of several vertebrae at the base of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bone with the part of the body it supports:

<p>Tibia = Supports the leg Radius = Supports the forearm Metacarpus = Supports the hand Talus = Supports the ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their descriptions:

<p>Clavicle = S-shaped bone resting at the sternum Maxilla = Forms the upper jaw and holds upper teeth Fibula = Slender leg bone located posterior to the tibia Coccyx = Tailbone, consists of fused bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following skeletal regions with their functions:

<p>Lumbar spine = Located in the lower half of the vertebral column Pelvis = Supports internal organs and transfers weight to lower limbs Thorax = Contains ribs that protect heart and lungs Scapula = Flat triangular bone at the back of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their associated features:

<p>Patella = Also known as the kneecap, protects knee joint Phalanges = Bones that make up fingers and toes Mandible = Largest bone in the facial skeleton, only mobile skull bone Pubis = Part of the pelvis, located in the front</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their respective anatomical positions:

<p>Fibula = Located next to the tibia in the leg Acromial end = Part of the scapula resting over ribcage Thorax = Protects organs with rib cage Scapula = Shoulder blade residing over posterior ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their locations in the body:

<p>Maxilla = Part of the skull, contributes to nasal cavity Pelvis = Forms the base of the spine Coccyx = Bottom part of the vertebral column Clavicle = Resting horizontally at the upper sternum area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following skeletal terms with their functions:

<p>Phalanges = Support dexterity of fingers and toes Patella = Protects the knee joint from damage Mandible = Aids in chewing and speech Pubis = Supports reproductive organs within the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their structural characteristics:

<p>Coccyx = Composed of several fused small bones Clavicle = Elongated, S-shaped bone Fibula = Slender and cylindrical leg bone Scapula = Triangular-shaped shoulder blade</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Organs

  • Consists of bones and joints
  • Provides internal framework and support for the body
  • Protects internal organs
  • Provides point of attachment for muscles
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores minerals

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o: stiff joint
  • arthr/o: joint
  • carp/o: wrist
  • cervic/o: neck
  • myel/o: bone marrow
  • orth/o: straight
  • oste/o: bone
  • chondr/o: cartilage
  • clavicul/o: clavicle
  • coccyg/o: coccyx
  • cortic/o: outer portion
  • cost/o: rib
  • crani/o: skull
  • metacarp/o: metacarpals
  • patell/o: patella
  • ped/o: foot
  • pelv/o: pelvis
  • vertebr/o: vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • arthralgia: joint pain
  • arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
  • arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
  • arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
  • arthrogram: record of a joint
  • arthritis: joint inflammation
  • arthrotomy: incision into a joint
  • arthroscope: instrument to view joint

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
  • bursitis: inflammation of bursa
  • chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
  • chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
  • chondroma: cartilage tumor
  • chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
  • intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
  • craniotomy: incision into the skull

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
  • myeloma: red bone marrow tumor

Word Building with oste/o

  • ostealgia: bone pain
  • osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
  • osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
  • osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
  • osteotomy: incision into bone
  • osteopathy: bone disease
  • osteotome: instrument to cut bone

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
  • synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
  • intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: ilium
  • ischial: ischium
  • carpal: carpus
  • metacarpal: metacarpus
  • cervical: neck
  • metatarsal: metatarsus
  • costal: rib
  • radial: radius
  • cranial: cranium
  • sacral: sacrum
  • femoral: femur
  • sternal: sternum
  • humeral: humerus
  • tarsal: tarsus
  • tibial: tibia
  • ulnar: ulna
  • clavicular: clavicle
  • maxillary: maxilla
  • fibular: fibula
  • coccygeal: coccyx
  • lumbar: low back
  • phalangeal: phalanges
  • mandibular: mandible
  • pelvic: pelvis
  • patellar: patella
  • pubic: pubis
  • scapular: scapula
  • thoracic: thorax

Bone Descriptions

  • Ilium: Largest and most superior component of the hip bone, forming part of the pelvis
  • Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone with ilium and pubis
  • Carpus: Eight small bones located in the wrist
  • Metacarpus: Five bones located in the hand, between the phalanges and carpus
  • Metatarsus: Five long bones located in the foot, between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (toe bones)
  • Radius & Ulna: Long bones of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist
  • Cranium: Part of the skull, made up of eight cranial bones, forming the cranial roof and base
  • Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body located in the lower limb, between the hip and knee
  • Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, with a proximal end, shaft, and distal end
  • Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming the breastbone
  • Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot, including the talus.
  • Tibia (shin bone): Long bone of the leg, medial to the fibula
  • Ulna: Long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist
  • Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone across the upper part of the ribcage
  • Fibula: Slender, cylindrical bone located on the posterior portion of the leg
  • Lumbar Spine: Located in the lower half of the vertebral column
  • Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull
  • Patella (kneecap): Bone in front of the knee joint, protecting the joint from damage
  • Scapula (shoulder blade): Flat, triangular bone located at the back of the trunk
  • Maxilla: Bone forming the upper jaw, holding the upper teeth, shaping parts of the nasal cavity and eye sockets
  • Coccyx (tailbone): Bottom part of the vertebral column, made up of fused bones
  • Phalanges: Bones that make up the fingers and toes, each finger and toe has three phalanges except for the thumb and big toe which have two
  • Pelvis: Forms the base of the spine, supporting internal organs and transferring weight to lower limbs
  • Pubis: Part of the pelvis, located in the front, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting reproductive organs
  • **Thorax (chest region): ** Contains the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

  • Kyphosis: Abnormal outward curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic region (humpback)
  • Lordosis: Abnormal inward curvature of the spine, often in the lumbar region (swayback)
  • Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic or lumbar region

Muscular System Organs

  • Composed of muscles
  • Individual cells are able to contract or shorten
  • Contraction produces movement

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o: fibrous band
  • fibr/o: fibers
  • kinesi/o: movement
  • muscul/o: muscle
  • my/o: muscle
  • myocardi/o: heart muscle
  • myos/o: muscle
  • plant/o: sole of foot
  • ten/o: tendon
  • tend/o: tendon
  • tendin/o: tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: weakness
  • –kinesia: movement
  • –tonia: tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: away from
  • ad–: towards
  • circum–: around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
  • Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body
  • Flexion: Act of bending or being bent
  • Extension: Brings a limb into a straight condition
  • Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot
  • Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot, pointing toes

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • fascial: pertaining to fascia
  • fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
  • fasciotomy: incision into fascia
  • kinesiology: study of movement

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • muscular: pertaining to muscle
  • polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles

Word Building with my/o

  • myalgia: muscle pain
  • myasthenia: muscle weakness
  • electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
  • myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
  • myopathy: muscle disease
  • myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
  • myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
  • myorrhexis: muscle rupture

Word Building with –kinesia

  • bradykinesia: slow movement
  • dyskinesia: difficult movement
  • hyperkinesia: excessive movement
  • hypokinesia: insufficient movement

Word Building with –tonia

  • atonia: lack of tone
  • dystonia: abnormal tone
  • hypertonia: excessive tone
  • hypotonia: insufficient tone
  • myotonia: muscle tone

Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system provides internal support and protects organs.
  • It is also involved in blood cell production and mineral storage.
  • The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o means stiff joint
  • arthr/o means joint
  • carp/o means wrist
  • cervic/o means neck
  • myel/o means bone marrow
  • orth/o means straight
  • oste/o means bone
  • chondr/o means cartilage
  • clavicul/o means clavicle
  • coccyg/o means coccyx
  • cortic/o means outer portion
  • cost/o means rib
  • crani/o means skull
  • metacarp/o means metacarpals
  • patell/o means patella
  • ped/o means foot
  • pelv/o means pelvis
  • vertebr/o means vertebra

Word Building

Arthr/o

  • arthralgia means joint pain
  • arthrocentesis means puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint
  • arthroclasia means surgically break a joint
  • arthrodesis means fusion of a joint
  • arthrogram means record of a joint
  • arthritis means joint inflammation
  • arthrotomy means incision into a joint
  • arthroscope means instrument to view a joint

Burs/o & Chondr/o

  • bursectomy means surgical removal of bursa
  • bursitis means inflammation of bursa
  • chondrectomy means surgical removal of cartilage
  • chondromalacia means softening of cartilage
  • chondroma means cartilage tumor
  • chondroplasty means surgical repair of cartilage

Cortic/o and Crani/o

  • cortical means pertaining to the outer portion
  • intracranial means pertaining to inside the skull
  • craniotomy means incision into the skull

Medull/o & Myel/o

  • medullary means pertaining to the inner portion
  • myeloma means red bone marrow tumor

Oste/o

  • ostealgia means bone pain
  • osteochondroma means bone and cartilage tumor
  • osteoclasia means surgically break a bone
  • osteomyelitis means bone and bone marrow inflammation
  • osteotomy means incision into bone
  • osteopathy means bone disease
  • osteotome means instrument to cut bone

Synov/o & Vertebr/o

  • synovitis means inflammation of synovial membrane
  • synovectomy means surgical removal of synovial membrane
  • intervertebral means pertaining to between vertebrae

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac refers to the ilium
  • ischial refers to the ischium
  • carpal refers to the carpus
  • metacarpal refers to the metacarpus
  • cervical refers to the neck
  • metatarsal refers to the metatarsus
  • costal refers to the rib
  • radial refers to the radius
  • cranial refers to the cranium
  • sacral refers to the sacrum
  • femoral refers to the femur
  • sternal refers to the sternum
  • humeral refers to the humerus
  • tarsal refers to the tarsus
  • tibial refers to the tibia
  • ulnar refers to the ulna
  • clavicular refers to the clavicle
  • maxillary refers to the maxilla
  • fibular refers to the fibula
  • coccygeal refers to the coccyx
  • lumbar refers to the low back
  • phalangeal refers to the phalanges
  • mandibular refers to the mandible
  • pelvic refers to the pelvis
  • patellar refers to the patella
  • pubic refers to the pubis
  • scapular refers to the scapula
  • thoracic refers to the thorax

Bones of the Skeleton

  • Ilium
    • One of the three bones that make up the hip bone.
    • Forms the superior and largest part of the hip bone.
  • Ischium
    • Paired bone of the pelvis.
    • Together with the ilium and pubis, it forms the hip bone.
  • Metacarpus
    • Group of five bones of the hand between the phalanges and the carpus.
  • Metatarsals
    • Group of five long bones located in the metatarsal of the foot.
  • Neck
    • Portion of the body connecting the head to the shoulders and chest.
  • Ribs
    • Flat bones forming the rib cage, protecting internal organs.
  • Cranium
    • Composed of eight cranial bones forming the skull, including the cranial roof and base.
  • Femur
    • Strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb.
  • Humerus
    • Longest and largest bone of the upper limb.
  • Tarsus
    • Consists of seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot.
  • Tibia
    • Long bone of the leg, located medial to the fibula.
  • Ulna
    • Long bone in the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
  • Clavicle
    • Elongated, S-shaped bone resting horizontally across the upper part of the rib cage.
  • Fibula
    • Slender, cylindrical leg bone located on the posterior portion of the limb.
  • Lumbar Spine
    • Lower half of the vertebral column.
  • Mandible
    • Largest bone of the facial skeleton, and the only mobile bone in the skull.
  • Patella
    • Kneecap, protecting the knee joint from damage.
    • It sits in front of the knee joint.
  • Scapula
    • Shoulder blade, flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.
  • Sternum
    • Breastbone, located in the anterior midline of the thorax.
  • Maxilla
    • Upper jaw bone that holds the upper teeth.
    • It also helps shape the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
  • Coccyx
    • Tailbone, bottom part of the vertebral column
  • Phalanges
    • Bones that make up the fingers and toes.
    • Each finger and toe has three phalanges, except for the thumb and big toe which have two.
  • Pelvis
    • Forms the base of the spine and supports internal organs.
    • It also helps transfer body weight to the lower limbs.
  • Pubis
    • Part of the pelvis, located in the front.
    • It forms part of the pelvic cavity and is essential for supporting the reproductive organs.
  • Thorax
    • Chest region containing the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs.

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

  • Kyphosis
    • Excessive outward curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic region.
  • Lordosis
    • Excessive inward curvature of the spine, often in the lumbar region.
  • Scoliosis
    • Lateral curvature of the spine.

Muscular System

  • The muscular system enables movement by shortening individual muscle cells (contraction).
  • It is responsible for movements, posture, and heat production.

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o means fibrous band
  • fibr/o means fibers
  • kinesi/o means movement
  • muscul/o means muscle
  • my/o means muscle
  • myocardi/o means heart muscle
  • myos/o means muscle
  • plant/o means sole of foot
  • ten/o means tendon
  • tend/o means tendon
  • tendin/o means tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia means weakness
  • –kinesia means movement
  • –tonia means tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab– means away from
  • ad– means towards
  • circum– means around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction
    • Movement away from the midline of the body.
  • Adduction
    • Movement towards the midline of the body.
  • Flexion
    • Act of bending or being bent.
  • Extension
    • Straightens a limb.
  • Dorsiflexion
    • Backward bending of the foot.
  • Plantar Flexion
    • Bending of the sole of the foot; pointing toes.

Word Building

Fasci/o & Kinesi/o

  • fascial means pertaining to fascia
  • fasciitis means inflammation of fascia
  • fasciotomy means incision into fascia
  • kinesiology means study of movement

Muscul/o & Myos/o

  • muscular means pertaining to muscles
  • polymyositis means inflammation of many muscles

My/o

  • myalgia means muscle pain
  • myasthenia means muscle weakness
  • electromyogram means record of muscle electricity
  • myocardial means pertaining to heart muscle
  • myopathy means muscle disease
  • myoplasty means surgical repair of muscle
  • myorrhaphy means suture a muscle
  • myorrhexis means muscle rupture

–Kinesia

  • bradykinesia means slow movement
  • dyskinesia means difficult movement
  • hyperkinesia means excessive movement
  • hypokinesia means insufficient movement

–Tonia

  • atonia means lack of tone
  • dystonia means abnormal tone
  • hypertonia means excessive tone
  • hypotonia means insufficient tone
  • myotonia means muscle tone

Organs of the Skeletal System

  • Bones of the skeleton.
  • Joints

Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Providing the body with an internal framework.
  • Supporting the body.
  • Protecting internal organs.
  • Serving as a point of attachment for muscles.
  • Producing blood cells.
  • Storing minerals.

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o - stiff joint
  • arthr/o - joint
  • carp/o - wrist
  • cervic/o - neck
  • myel/o - bone marrow
  • orth/o - straight
  • oste/o - bone
  • chondr/o - cartilage
  • clavicul/o - clavicle
  • coccyg/o - coccyx
  • cortic/o - outer portion
  • cost/o - rib
  • crani/o - skull
  • metacarp/o - metacarpals
  • patell/o - patella
  • ped/o - foot
  • pelv/o - pelvis
  • vertebr/o - vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • –algia - arthralgia - joint pain
  • –centesis - arthrocentesis - puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint.
  • –clasia - arthroclasia - surgically break a joint.
  • –desis - arthrodesis - fusion of a joint.
  • –gram - arthrogram - record of a joint.
  • –itis - arthritis - joint inflammation.
  • –otomy - arthrotomy - incision into a joint.
  • –scope - arthroscope - instrument to view joint.

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • –ectomy - bursectomy - surgical removal of bursa.
  • –itis - bursitis - inflammation of bursa.
  • –ectomy - chondrectomy - surgical removal of cartilage.
  • –malacia - chondromalacia - softening of cartilage.
  • –oma - chondroma - cartilage tumor.
  • –plasty - chondroplasty - surgical repair of cartilage.

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • –al - cortical - pertaining to the outer portion.
  • intra– –al - intracranial - pertaining to inside the skull.
  • –otomy - craniotomy - incision into the skull.

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • –ary - medullary - pertaining to the inner portion.
  • –oma - myeloma - red bone marrow tumor.

Word Building with oste/o

  • –algia - ostealgia - bone pain.
  • chondr/o –oma - osteochondroma - bone and cartilage tumor.
  • –clasia - osteoclasia - surgically break a bone.
  • myel/o –itis - osteomyelitis - bone and bone marrow inflammation.
  • –otomy - osteotomy - incision into bone.
  • –pathy - osteopathy - bone disease.
  • –tome - osteotome - instrument to cut bone.

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • –itis - synovitis - inflammation of synovial membrane.
  • –ectomy - synovectomy - surgical removal of the synovial membrane.
  • inter– –al - intervertebral - pertaining to between vertebrae.

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac - ilium
  • ischial - ischium
  • carpal - carpus
  • metacarpal - metacarpus
  • cervical - neck
  • metatarsal - metatarsus
  • costal - rib
  • radial - radius
  • cranial - cranium
  • sacral - sacrum
  • femoral - femur
  • sternal - sternum
  • humeral - humerus
  • tarsal - tarsus
  • tibial - tibia
  • ulnar - ulna
  • clavicular - clavicle
  • maxillary - maxilla
  • fibular - fibula
  • coccygeal - coccyx
  • lumbar - low back
  • phalangeal - phalanges
  • mandibular - mandible
  • pelvic - pelvis
  • patellar - patella
  • pubic - pubis
  • scapular - scapula
  • thoracic - thorax

Descriptions of Specific Bones:

  • Ilium: The largest and most superior part of the hip bone, forming the main bone of the pelvis.
  • Ischium: Paired bones of the pelvis along with the ilium and pubis, forming the hip bone.
  • Metacarpus: Five bones of the hand located between the phalanges and the carpus.
  • Metatarsals: Five long bones in the foot, between the tarsal bones (ankle) and phalanges (toe bones).
  • Carpal bones: Eight small, irregularly shaped bones located in the wrist area.
  • Neck: Portion of the body connecting the head to the shoulders and chest.
  • Ribs: Flat bones forming the thoracic cage (rib cage), protecting organs in the thoracic cavity.
  • Cranium: Part of the skull, composed of eight cranial bones, including the cranial roof and base.
  • Femur: The strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb between the hip and knee joints.
  • Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
  • Radius and Ulna: Long bones of the forearm extending from the elbow to the wrist, enabling arm movement and stability.
  • Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone composed of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
  • Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming part of the rib cage.
  • Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot, including the talus, which forms the ankle.
  • Tibia: The shin bone, a long bone located medially to the fibula in the leg.
  • Ulna: One of the long bones in the forearm located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
  • Clavicle: S-shaped bone horizontally placed at the sternum across the upper part of the rib cage.
  • Fibula: Slender, cylindrical leg bone found on the posterior portion of the limb next to the tibia.
  • Lumbar spine: Section of the vertebral column located in the lower half.
  • Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton, also known as the jawbone.
  • Patella: Kneecap, located in front of the knee joint, protecting the joint from damage.
  • Scapula: Shoulder blade, a triangular flat bone located at the back of the trunk.
  • Maxilla: Bone forming the upper jaw, holding upper teeth and contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
  • Coccyx: Tailbone, the bottom part of the vertebral column, composed of fused vertebrae.
  • Phalanges: Bones composing the fingers and toes, with three phalanges in each (except the thumb and big toe which have two).
  • Pelvis: Base of the spine, supporting internal organs and transferring body weight to the lower limbs.
  • Pubis: Front part of the pelvis, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting reproductive organs.
  • Thorax: Chest region containing the ribs and forming the skeletal structure of the upper torso, protecting the heart and lungs.

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

  • Kyphosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, causing a rounded back.
  • Lordosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, resulting in an inward curvature of the lower back.
  • Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, causing a sideways curve.

Organs of the Muscular System

  • Muscles

Functions of the Muscular System

  • Individual muscle cells can contract or shorten in length, producing movement.
  • Shortening of muscle cells results in movement.

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o - fibrous band
  • fibr/o - fibers
  • kinesi/o - movement
  • muscul/o - muscle
  • my/o - muscle
  • myocardi/o - heart muscle
  • myos/o - muscle
  • plant/o - sole of the foot
  • ten/o - tendon
  • tend/o - tendon
  • tendin/o - tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia - weakness
  • –kinesia - movement
  • –tonia - tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab– - away from
  • ad– - towards
  • circum– - around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
  • Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.
  • Flexion: Act of bending or being bent.
  • Extension: Straightening of a limb.
  • Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot.
  • Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot, pointing toes.

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • –al - fascial - pertaining to fascia.
  • –itis - fasciitis - inflammation of fascia.
  • –otomy - fasciotomy - incision into fascia.
  • –logy - kinesiology - study of movement.

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • –ar - muscular - pertaining to muscles.
  • poly– –itis - polymyositis - inflammation of many muscles.

Word Building with my/o

  • –algia - myalgia - muscle pain.
  • –asthenia - myasthenia - muscle weakness.
  • electr/o –gram - electromyogram - record of muscle electricity.
  • cardi/o –al - myocardial - pertaining to heart muscle.
  • –pathy - myopathy - muscle disease.
  • –plasty - myoplasty - surgical repair of muscle.
  • –rrhaphy - myorrhaphy - suture a muscle.
  • –rrhexis - myorrhexis - muscle rupture.

Word Building with –kinesia

  • brady– - bradykinesia - slow movement.
  • dys– - dyskinesia - difficult movement.
  • hyper– - hyperkinesia - excessive movement.
  • hypo– - hypokinesia - insufficient movement.

Word Building with –tonia

  • a– - atonia - lack of tone.
  • dys– - dystonia - abnormal tone.
  • hyper– - hypertonia - excessive tone.
  • hypo– - hypotonia - insufficient tone.
  • my/o - myotonia - muscle tone.

Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system provides internal framework, supports the body, protects internal organs, is the point of attachment for muscles, produces blood cells and stores minerals.
  • ankyl/o: stiff joint
  • arthr/o: joint
  • carp/o: wrist
  • cervic/o: neck
  • myel/o: bone marrow
  • orth/o: straight
  • oste/o: bone
  • chondr/o: cartilage
  • clavicul/o: clavicle
  • coccyg/o: coccyx
  • cortic/o: outer portion
  • cost/o: rib
  • crani/o: skull
  • metacarp/o: metacarpals
  • patell/o: patella
  • ped/o: foot
  • pelv/o: pelvis
  • vertebr/o: vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • arthralgia: joint pain
  • arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
  • arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
  • arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
  • arthrogram: record of a joint
  • arthritis: joint inflammation
  • arthrotomy: incision into a joint
  • arthroscope: instrument to view joint

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
  • bursitis: inflammation of bursa
  • chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
  • chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
  • chondroma: cartilage tumor
  • chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
  • intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
  • craniotomy: incision into the skull

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
  • myeloma: red bone marrow tumor

Word Building with oste/o

  • ostealgia: bone pain
  • osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
  • osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
  • osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
  • osteotomy: incision into bone
  • osteopathy: bone disease
  • osteotome: instrument to cut bone

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
  • synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
  • intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: ilium
  • ischial: ischium
  • carpal: carpus
  • metacarpal: metacarpus
  • cervical: neck
  • metatarsal: metatarsus
  • costal: rib
  • radial: radius
  • cranial: cranium
  • sacral: sacrum
  • femoral: femur
  • sternal: sternum
  • humeral: humerus
  • tarsal: tarsus
  • tibial: tibia
  • ulnar: ulna
  • clavicular: clavicle
  • maxillary: maxilla
  • fibular: fibula
  • coccygeal: coccyx
  • lumbar: low back
  • phalangeal: phalanges
  • mandibular: mandible
  • pelvic: pelvis
  • patellar: patella
  • pubic: pubis
  • scapular: scapula
  • thoracic: thorax

The ilium, ischium, and pubis

  • The ilium is the largest and most superior part of the hip bone.
  • The ischium is a paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone along with the ilium and pubis.
  • The metacarpus is a group of five bones in the hand, located between the phalanges and the carpus.
  • The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones (near the ankle) and the phalanges (toe bones).

The radius and ulna

  • The radius and ulna are the long bones that make up the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.

The sacrum

  • The sacrum is a bone made up of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine. It forms the link between the spine and the iliac bones.

The femur, humerus, and sternum

  • The femur is the strongest and longest bone in the body, found in the lower limb between the hip and knee joints.
  • The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It has a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end containing important anatomical landmarks.
  • The sternum is the bone found in the anterior midline of the thorax.

The tarsus

  • The tarsus consists of 7 bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot, with the talus forming part of the ankle joint.

The tibia, ulna, and clavicle

  • The tibia is a long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula.
  • The ulna is a long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
  • The clavicle is an elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage.

The maxilla, coccyx, and phalanges

  • The maxilla forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth, contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
  • The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the bottom part of the vertebral column, consisting of several small, fused bones.
  • The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and toes. Each finger and toe has three phalanges, except for the thumb and big toe, which only have two.

The pelvis and pubis

  • The pelvis forms the base of the spine and supports internal organs, while transferring weight to the lower limbs.
  • The pubis, part of the pelvis located in the front, contributes to the pelvic cavity and supports the reproductive organs.

The thorax

  • The thorax, also known as the chest region, contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs. It is a key part of the upper torso's skeletal structure.

Abnormal spinal curvatures

  • Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are abnormal spinal curvatures.

Muscular System

  • The muscular system is composed of muscles, which contract or shorten in length to produce movement.
  • fasci/o: fibrous band
  • fibr/o: fibers
  • kinesi/o: movement
  • muscul/o: muscle
  • my/o: muscle
  • myocardi/o: heart muscle
  • myos/o: muscle
  • plant/o: sole of foot
  • ten/o: tendon
  • tend/o: tendon
  • tendin/o: tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: weakness
  • –kinesia: movement
  • –tonia: tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: away from
  • ad–: towards
  • circum–: around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
  • Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body
  • Flexion: act of bending or being bent
  • Extension: bringing a limb into a straight condition
  • Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the foot
  • Plantar flexion: bending the sole of the foot; pointing toes

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • fascial: pertaining to fascia
  • fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
  • fasciotomy: incision into fascia
  • kinesiology: study of movement

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • muscular: pertaining to muscles
  • polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles

Word Building with my/o

  • myalgia: muscle pain
  • myasthenia: muscle weakness
  • electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
  • myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
  • myopathy: muscle disease
  • myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
  • myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
  • myorrhexis: muscle rupture

Word Building with –kinesia

  • bradykinesia: slow movement
  • dyskinesia: difficult movement
  • hyperkinesia: excessive movement
  • hypokinesia: insufficient movement

Word Building with –tonia

  • atonia: lack of tone
  • dystonia: abnormal tone
  • hypertonia: excessive tone
  • hypotonia: insufficient tone
  • myotonia: muscle tone

Skeletal System

  • Organs: Bones and Joints
  • Functions:
    • Provides internal framework for the body
    • Supports the body
    • Protects internal organs
    • Point of attachment for muscles
    • Produces blood cells
    • Stores minerals

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o: Stiff joint
  • arthr/o: Joint
  • carp/o: Wrist
  • cervic/o: Neck
  • myel/o: Bone marrow
  • orth/o: Straight
  • oste/o: Bone
  • chondr/o: Cartilage
  • clavicul/o: Clavicle
  • coccyg/o: Coccyx
  • cortic/o: Outer portion
  • cost/o: Rib
  • crani/o: Skull
  • metacarp/o: Metacarpals
  • patell/o: Patella
  • ped/o: Foot
  • pelv/o: Pelvis
  • vertebr/o: Vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • -algia: Joint pain (arthralgia)
  • -centesis: Puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint (arthrocentesis)
  • -clasia: Surgically break a joint (arthroclasia)
  • -desis: Fusion of a joint (arthrodesis)
  • -gram: Record of a joint (arthrogram)
  • -itis: Joint inflammation (arthritis)
  • -otomy: Incision into a joint (arthrotomy)
  • -scope: Instrument to view a joint (arthroscope)

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • -ectomy: Surgical removal of bursa (bursectomy)
  • -itis: Inflammation of bursa (bursitis)
  • -ectomy: Surgical removal of cartilage (chondrectomy)
  • -malacia: Softening of cartilage (chondromalacia)
  • -oma: Cartilage tumor (chondroma)
  • -plasty: Surgical repair of cartilage (chondroplasty)

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • -al: Pertaining to the outer portion (cortical)
  • intra– -al: Pertaining to inside the skull (intracranial)
  • –otomy: Incision into the skull (craniotomy)

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • –ary: Pertaining to the inner portion (medullary)
  • –oma: Red bone marrow tumor (myeloma)

Word Building with oste/o

  • -algia: Bone pain (ostealgia)
  • chondr/o – oma: Bone and cartilage tumor (osteochondroma)
  • -clasia: Surgically break a bone (osteoclasia)
  • myel/o –itis: Bone and bone marrow inflammation (osteomyelitis)
  • -otomy: Incision into bone (osteotomy)
  • -pathy: Bone disease (osteopathy)
  • -tome: Instrument to cut bone (osteotome)

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • –itis: Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis)
  • -ectomy: Surgical removal of synovial membrane (synovectomy)
  • inter– -al: Pertaining to between vertebrae (intervertebral)

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: Ilium

  • ischial: Ischium

  • carpal: Carpus

  • metacarpal: Metacarpus

  • cervical: Neck

  • metatarsal: Metatarsus

  • costal: Rib

  • radial: Radius

  • cranial: Cranium

  • sacral: Sacrum

  • femoral: Femur

  • sternal: Sternum

  • humeral: Humerus

  • tarsal: Tarsus

  • tibial: Tibia

  • ulnar: Ulna

  • clavicular: Clavicle

  • maxillary: Maxilla

  • fibular: Fibula

  • coccygeal: Coccyx

  • lumbar: Low back

  • phalangeal: Phalanges

  • mandibular: Mandible

  • pelvic: Pelvis

  • patellar: Patella

  • pubic: Pubis

  • scapular: Scapula

  • thoracic: Thorax

  • Ilium: One of the three bony components of the hip bone

  • Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone with the ilium and pubis

  • Metacarpus: Group of five bones in the hand between the phalanges and the carpus

  • Metatarsus: Group of five long bones in the foot between the tarsal bones and the phalanges

  • Radius: Long bone of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist

  • Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone, made up of five fused vertebrae

  • Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body, located between the hip and knee joints

  • Sternum: Bone in the anterior midline of the thorax

  • Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot

  • Tibia: Long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula

  • Ulna: Long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist

  • Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage

  • Fibula: Slender, cylindrical bone located on the posterior portion of the leg

  • Lumbar spine: located in the lower half of the vertebral column

  • Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton, the only mobile bone in the skull

  • Patella: Kneecap, protects the knee joint from damage

  • Scapula: Shoulder blade, flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk

  • Thorax: Chest region containing the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

  • Kyphosis: Exaggerated outward curve of the spine
  • Lordosis: Exaggerated inward curve of the spine
  • Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine

Muscular System

  • Organs: Muscles
  • Functions:
    • Muscle cells contract and shorten in length
    • This shortening produces movement

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o: Fibrous band
  • fibr/o: Fibers
  • kinesi/o: Movement
  • muscul/o: Muscle
  • my/o: Muscle
  • myocardi/o: Heart muscle
  • myos/o: Muscle
  • plant/o: Sole of foot
  • ten/o: Tendon
  • tend/o: Tendon
  • tendin/o: Tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: Weakness
  • –kinesia: Movement
  • –tonia: Tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: Away from
  • ad–: Towards
  • circum–: Around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
  • Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body
  • Flexion: Act of bending or being bent
  • Extension: Straightening a joint
  • Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot
  • Plantar flexion: Bending the sole of the foot; pointing the toes

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • –al: Pertaining to fascia (fascial )
  • –itis: Inflammation of fascia (fasciitis)
  • –otomy: Incision into fascia (fasciotomy)
  • –logy: Study of movement (kinesiology)

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • –ar: Pertaining to muscles (muscular)
  • poly– –itis: Inflammation of many muscles (polymyositis)

Word Building with my/o

  • –algia: Muscle pain (myalgia)
  • –asthenia: Muscle weakness (myasthenia)
  • electr/o –gram: Record of muscle electricity (electromyogram)
  • cardi/o –al: Pertaining to heart muscle (myocardial)
  • –pathy: Muscle disease (myopathy)
  • –plasty: Surgical repair of muscle (myoplasty)
  • –rrhaphy: Suture a muscle (myorrhaphy)
  • –rrhexis: Muscle rupture (myorrhexis)

Word Building with –kinesia

  • brady–: Slow movement (bradykinesia)
  • dys–: Difficult movement (dyskinesia)
  • hyper–: Excessive movement (hyperkinesia)
  • hypo–: Insufficient movement (hypokinesia)

Word Building with –tonia

  • a–: Lack of tone (atonia)
  • dys–: Abnormal tone (dystonia)
  • hyper–: Excessive tone (hypertonia)
  • hypo–: Insufficient tone (hypotonia)
  • my/o: Muscle tone (myotonia)

Skeletal System

  • Refers to bones and joints.
  • Provides internal framework for the body.
  • Supports the body.
  • Protects internal organs.
  • Serves as a point of attachment for muscles.
  • Produces blood cells.
  • Stores minerals.

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o: Stiff joint.
  • arthr/o: Joint.
  • carp/o: Wrist.
  • cervic/o: Neck.
  • myel/o: Bone marrow.
  • orth/o: Straight.
  • oste/o: Bone.
  • chondr/o: Cartilage.
  • clavicul/o: Clavicle.
  • coccyg/o: Coccyx.
  • cortic/o: Outer portion.
  • cost/o: Rib.
  • crani/o: Skull.
  • metacarp/o: Metacarpals.
  • patell/o: Patella.
  • ped/o: Foot.
  • pelv/o: Pelvis.
  • vertebr/o: Vertebra.

Word Building with arthr/o

  • –algia: arthralgia - Joint pain.
  • –centesis: arthrocentesis - Puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint.
  • –clasia: arthroclasia - Surgically breaking a joint.
  • –desis: arthrodesis - Fusion of a joint.
  • –gram: arthrogram - Record of a joint.
  • –itis: arthritis - Joint inflammation.
  • –otomy: arthrotomy - Incision into a joint.
  • –scope: arthroscope - Instrument to view a joint.

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • –ectomy: bursectomy - Surgical removal of bursa.
  • –itis: bursitis - Inflammation of bursa.
  • –ectomy: chondrectomy - Surgical removal of cartilage.
  • –malacia: chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage.
  • –oma: chondroma - Cartilage tumor.
  • –plasty: chondroplasty - Surgical repair of cartilage.

Word Building with cortic/o & crani/o

  • –al: cortical - Pertaining to the outer portion.
  • intra– –al: intracranial - Pertaining to inside the skull.
  • –otomy: craniotomy - Incision into the skull.

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • –ary: medullary - Pertaining to the inner portion.
  • –oma: myeloma - Red bone marrow tumor.

Word Building with oste/o

  • –algia: ostealgia - Bone pain.
  • chondr/o –oma: osteochondroma - Bone and cartilage tumor.
  • –clasia: osteoclasia - Surgically breaking a bone.
  • myel/o –itis: osteomyelitis - Bone and bone marrow inflammation.
  • –otomy: osteotomy - Incision into bone.
  • –pathy: osteopathy - Bone disease.
  • –tome: osteotome - Instrument to cut bone.

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • –itis: synovitis - Inflammation of synovial membrane.
  • –ectomy: synovectomy - Surgical removal of synovial membrane.
  • inter– –al: intervertebral - Pertaining to between vertebrae.

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: ilium
  • ischial: ischium
  • carpal: carpus
  • metacarpal: metacarpus
  • cervical: neck
  • metatarsal: metatarsus
  • costal: rib
  • radial: radius
  • cranial: cranium
  • sacral: sacrum
  • femoral: femur
  • sternal: sternum
  • humeral: humerus
  • tarsal: tarsus
  • tibial: tibia
  • ulnar: ulna
  • clavicular: clavicle
  • maxillary: maxilla
  • fibular: fibula
  • lumbar: low back
  • mandibular: mandible
  • patellar: patella
  • scapular: scapula
  • thoracic: thorax
  • phalangeal: phalanges
  • pelvic: pelvis
  • pubic: pubis
  • coccygeal: coccyx

Bones of the body - key facts

  • Ilium: One of the three bony components of the hip bone, forming the most superior and largest part.
  • Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone along with the ilium and pubis.
  • Metacarpus: Group of five bones in the hand, located between the phalanges and the carpus.
  • Metatarsals: Group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones (near the ankle) and the phalanges (toe bones).
  • Radius and Ulna: Long bones that make up the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
  • Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone, made up of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
  • Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb, between the hip and knee joints.
  • Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, consisting of a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end.
  • Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming the front of the rib cage.
  • Tarsus: Consists of seven bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot.
  • Tibia: Long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula (shin bone).
  • Ulna: Long bone in the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
  • Maxilla: Bone that forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth, contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
  • Coccyx: Tailbone, formed by several small, fused bones at the bottom of the vertebral column, supporting weight while sitting.
  • Phalanges: Bones that make up the fingers and toes, typically three per finger and toe, except for the thumb and big toe, which have two.
  • Pelvis: Forms the base of the spine, supports internal organs, and transfers body weight to the lower limbs.
  • Pubis: Part of the pelvis, located in the front, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting the reproductive organs.
  • Thorax: Chest region, contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs, forming a key part of the upper torso skeletal structure.
  • Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the rib cage.
  • Fibula: Slender, cylindrical leg bone found on the posterior portion of the limb, located next to the tibia.
  • Lumbar spine: Located in the lower vertebral column.
  • Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull.
  • Patella: Kneecap, sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage.
  • Scapula: Shoulder blade, flat, triangular bone located at the back of the trunk over the ribs.
  • Cranium: Part of the skull anatomy, composed of eight cranial bones along with fourteen facial bones. The two main parts are the cranial roof and cranial base.

Muscular System

  • Refers to the muscles.
  • Composed of individual cells that can contract or shorten in length.
  • Shortening of muscles produces movement.

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o: Fibrous band.
  • fibr/o: Fibers.
  • kinesi/o: Movement.
  • muscul/o: Muscle.
  • my/o: Muscle.
  • myocardi/o: Heart muscle.
  • myos/o: Muscle.
  • plant/o: Sole of foot.
  • ten/o: Tendon.
  • tend/o: Tendon.
  • tendin/o: Tendon.

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: Weakness.
  • –kinesia: Movement.
  • –tonia: Tone.

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: Away from.
  • ad–: Towards.
  • circum–: Around.

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
  • Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.
  • Flexion: Act of bending or being bent.
  • Extension: Brings a limb into a straight condition.
  • Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot.
  • Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot; pointing the toes.

Word Building with fasci/o & kinesi/o

  • –al: fascial - Pertaining to fascia.
  • –itis: fasciitis - Inflammation of fascia.
  • –otomy: fasciotomy - Incision into fascia.
  • –logy: kinesiology - Study of movement.

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • –ar: muscular - Pertaining to muscles.
  • poly– –itis: polymyositis - Inflammation of many muscles.

Word Building with my/o

  • –algia: myalgia - Muscle pain.
  • –asthenia: myasthenia - Muscle weakness.
  • electr/o –gram: electromyogram - Record of muscle electricity.
  • cardi/o –al: myocardial - Pertaining to heart muscle.
  • –pathy: myopathy - Muscle disease.
  • –plasty: myoplasty - Surgical repair of muscle.
  • –rrhaphy: myorrhaphy - Suture a muscle.
  • –rrhexis: myorrhexis - Muscle rupture.

Word Building with –kinesia

  • brady–: bradykinesia - Slow movement.
  • dys–: dyskinesia - Difficult movement.
  • hyper–: hyperkinesia - Excessive movement.
  • hypo–: hypokinesia - Insufficient movement.

Word Building with –tonia

  • a–: atonia - Lack of tone.
  • dys–: dystonia - Abnormal tone.
  • hyper–: hypertonia - Excessive tone.
  • hypo–: hypotonia - Insufficient tone.
  • my/o: myotonia - Muscle tone.

Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system is responsible for providing an internal framework for the body.
  • It supports the body and protects internal organs.
  • Muscles attach to bones for movement.
  • Bones produce blood cells and store minerals.

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o refers to stiff joints.
  • arthr/o refers to joints.
  • carp/o refers to the wrist.
  • cervic/o refers to the neck.
  • myel/o refers to bone marrow.
  • orth/o refers to straight.
  • oste/o refers to bones.
  • chondr/o refers to cartilage.
  • clavicul/o refers to the clavicle.
  • coccyg/o refers to the coccyx.
  • cortic/o refers to the outer portion.
  • cost/o refers to ribs.
  • crani/o refers to the skull.
  • metacarp/o refers to metacarpals.
  • patell/o refers to the patella.
  • ped/o refers to the foot.
  • pelv/o refers to the pelvis.
  • vertebr/o refers to vertebrae.

Word building with arthr/o

  • arthralgia means joint pain.
  • arthrocentesis is the puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid.
  • arthroclasia means surgically breaking a joint.
  • arthrodesis is the fusion of a joint.
  • arthrogram means a record of a joint.
  • arthritis means joint inflammation.
  • arthrotomy means incision into a joint.
  • arthroscope is an instrument for viewing a joint.

Word building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • bursectomy means surgical removal of a bursa.
  • bursitis is inflammation of a bursa.
  • chondrectomy is the surgical removal of cartilage.
  • chondromalacia means softening of cartilage.
  • chondroma is a cartilage tumor.
  • chondroplasty is surgical repair of cartilage.

Word building with cortic/o & crani/o

  • cortical means pertaining to the outer portion.
  • intracranial means pertaining to inside the skull.
  • craniotomy means incision into the skull.

Word building with medull/o & myel/o

  • medullary means pertaining to the inner portion.
  • myeloma is a red bone marrow tumor.

Word building with oste/o

  • ostealgia means bone pain.
  • osteochondroma is a bone and cartilage tumor.
  • osteoclasia means surgically breaking a bone.
  • osteomyelitis means inflammation of bone and bone marrow.
  • osteotomy means incision into bone.
  • osteopathy means bone disease.
  • osteotome is an instrument for cutting bone.

Word building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • synovitis means inflammation of the synovial membrane.
  • synovectomy is the surgical removal of the synovial membrane.
  • intervertebral means pertaining to between the vertebrae.

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac refers to the ilium.
  • ischial refers to the ischium.
  • carpal refers to the carpus.
  • metacarpal refers to the metacarpus.
  • cervical refers to the neck.
  • metatarsal refers to the metatarsus.
  • costal refers to ribs.
  • radial refers to the radius.
  • cranial refers to the cranium.
  • sacral refers to the sacrum.
  • femoral refers to the femur.
  • sternal refers to the sternum.
  • humeral refers to the humerus.
  • tarsal refers to the tarsus.

Bones of the Axial skeleton

  • Bones of the skull are part of the axial skeleton.

Specific Bones

  • Ilium is part of the hip bone.
  • Ischium is part of the hip bone.
  • Metacarpus refers to the five bones of the hand between the phalanges and carpus.
  • Metatarsus refers to the five long bones in the foot.
  • Radius and ulna make up the forearm.
  • Sacrum is a bone made out of five fused vertebrae.
  • Femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.
  • Humerus is the longest bone of the upper limb.
  • Sternum is located in the anterior midline of the thorax.
  • Tarsus is made up of 7 bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot.
  • Tibia is a long bone of the leg.
  • Ulna is a long bone in the forearm.
  • Maxilla forms the upper jaw.
  • Coccyx is also known as the tailbone.
  • Phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and toes.
  • Pelvis is the base of the spine.
  • Pubis is part of the pelvis.
  • Scapula is also known as the shoulder blade.
  • Thorax is also known as the chest region.
  • Mandible is the largest bone in the facial skeleton.
  • Patella is also known as the kneecap.
  • Clavicle is an S-shaped bone in the upper part of the rib cage.
  • Fibula is located on the posterior portion of the limb.
  • Lumbar spine is located in the lower half of the vertebral column.
  • Tibial refers to the tibia.
  • Ulnar refers to the ulna.
  • Clavicular refers to the clavicle.
  • Fibular refers to the fibula.
  • Lumbar refers to the low back.
  • Mandibular refers to the mandible.
  • Patellar refers to the patella.
  • Scapular refers to the scapula.
  • Thoracic refers to the thorax.
  • Phalangeal refers to the phalanges.
  • Pelvic refers to the pelvis.
  • Pubic refers to the pubis.
  • Coccygeal refers to the coccyx.
  • Maxillary refers to the maxilla.

Abnormal spinal curvatures

  • Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are abnormal spinal curvatures.

Muscular System

  • The muscular system consists of muscles.
  • Muscles contract and shorten in length, thereby producing movement.

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o refers to fibrous bands.
  • fibr/o refers to fibers.
  • kinesi/o refers to movement.
  • muscul/o refers to muscle.
  • my/o refers to muscle.
  • myocardi/o refers to heart muscle.
  • myos/o refers to muscle.
  • plant/o refers to the sole of the foot.
  • ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o refer to tendons.

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia refers to weakness.
  • –kinesia refers to movement.
  • –tonia refers to tone.

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab– means away from.
  • ad– means towards.
  • circum– means around.

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body.
  • Adduction is movement towards the midline of the body.
  • Flexion is the act of bending or being bent.
  • Extension happens when a limb is brought into a straight condition.
  • Dorsiflexion is the backward bending of the foot.
  • Plantar flexion is the bending of the sole of the foot.

Word building with fasci/o & kinesi/o

  • fascial means pertaining to fascia.
  • fasciitis is inflammation of fascia.
  • fasciotomy means incision into fascia.
  • kinesiology is the study of movement.

Word building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • muscular means pertaining to muscles.
  • polymyositis is inflammation of many muscles.

Word Building with my/o

  • myalgia means muscle pain.
  • myasthenia means muscle weakness.
  • electromyogram is a record of muscle electricity.
  • myocardial means pertaining to heart muscle.
  • myopathy means muscle disease.
  • myoplasty is a surgical repair of muscle.
  • myorrhaphy means suturing a muscle.
  • myorrhexis means muscle rupture.

Word building with –kinesia

  • bradykinesia means slow movement.
  • dyskinesia means difficult movement.
  • hyperkinesia means excessive movement.
  • hypokinesia means insufficient movement.

Word building with –tonia

  • atonia means lack of tone.
  • dystonia means abnormal tone.
  • hypertonia means excessive tone.
  • hypotonia means insufficient tone.
  • myotonia means muscle tone.

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o: stiff joint
  • arthr/o: joint
  • carp/o: wrist
  • cervic/o: neck
  • myel/o: bone marrow
  • orth/o: straight
  • oste/o: bone
  • chondr/o: cartilage
  • clavicul/o: clavicle
  • coccyg/o: coccyx
  • cortic/o: outer portion
  • cost/o: rib
  • crani/o: skull
  • metacarp/o: metacarpals
  • patell/o: patella
  • ped/o: foot
  • pelv/o: pelvis
  • vertebr/o: vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • arthralgia: joint pain
  • arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
  • arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
  • arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
  • arthrogram: record of a joint
  • arthritis joint inflammation
  • arthrotomy: incision into a joint
  • arthroscope: instrument to view joint

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
  • bursitis: inflammation of bursa
  • chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
  • chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
  • chondroma: cartilage tumor
  • chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
  • intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
  • craniotomy: incision into the skull

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
  • myeloma: red bone marrow tumor

Word Building with oste/o

  • ostealgia: bone pain
  • osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
  • osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
  • osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
  • osteotomy: incision into bone
  • osteopathy: bone disease
  • osteotome: instrument to cut bone

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
  • synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
  • intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: ilium
  • ischial: ischium
  • carpal: carpus
  • metacarpal: metacarpus
  • cervical: neck
  • metatarsal: metatarsus
  • costal: rib
  • radial: radius
  • cranial: cranium
  • sacral: sacrum
  • femoral: femur
  • sternal: sternum
  • humeral: humerus
  • tarsal: tarsus
  • tibial: tibia
  • ulnar: ulna
  • clavicular: clavicle
  • maxillary: maxilla
  • fibular: fibula
  • coccygeal: coccyx
  • lumbar: low back
  • phalangeal: phalanges
  • mandibular: mandible
  • pelvic: pelvis
  • patellar: patella
  • pubic: pubis
  • scapular: scapula
  • thoracic: thorax

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o: fibrous band
  • fibr/o: fibers
  • kinesi/o: movement
  • muscul/o: muscle
  • my/o: muscle
  • myocardi/o: heart muscle
  • myos/o: muscle
  • plant/o: sole of foot
  • ten/o: tendon
  • tend/o: tendon
  • tendin/o: tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: weakness
  • –kinesia: movement
  • –tonia: tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: away from
  • ad–: towards
  • circum–: around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: movement away from midline of body
  • Adduction: movement toward midline of body
  • Flexion: act of bending or being bent
  • Extension: brings limb into a straight condition
  • Dorsiflexion: backward bending of foot
  • Plantar flexion: bending sole of foot; pointing toes

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • fascial: pertaining to fascia
  • fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
  • fasciotomy: incision into fascia
  • kinesiology: study of movement

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • muscular: pertaining to muscles
  • polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles

Word Building with my/o

  • myalgia: muscle pain
  • myasthenia: muscle weakness
  • electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
  • myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
  • myopathy: muscle disease
  • myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
  • myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
  • myorrhexis: muscle rupture

Word Building with –kinesia

  • bradykinesia: slow movement
  • dyskinesia: difficult movement
  • hyperkinesia: excessive movement
  • hypokinesia: insufficient movement

Word Building with –tonia

  • atonia: lack of tone
  • dystonia: abnormal tone
  • hypertonia: excessive tone
  • hypotonia: insufficient tone
  • myotonia: muscle tone

Skeletal System Combining Forms

  • ankyl/o - stiff joint
  • arthr/o - joint
  • carp/o - wrist
  • cervic/o - neck
  • myel/o - bone marrow
  • orth/o - straight
  • oste/o - bone
  • chondr/o - cartilage
  • clavicul/o - clavicle
  • coccyg/o - coccyx
  • cortic/o - outer portion
  • cost/o - rib
  • crani/o - skull
  • metacarp/o - metacarpals
  • patell/o - patella
  • ped/o - foot
  • pelv/o - pelvis
  • vertebr/o - vertebra

Word Building with arthr/o

  • –algia: arthralgia - joint pain
  • –centesis: arthrocentesis - puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
  • –clasia: arthrolasia - surgically break a joint
  • –desis: arthrodesis - fusion of a joint
  • –gram: arthrogram - record of a joint
  • –itis: arthritis - joint inflammation
  • –otomy: arthrotomy - incision into a joint
  • –scope: arthroscope - instrument to view joint

Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o

  • –ectomy: bursectomy - surgical removal of bursa
  • –itis: bursitis - inflammation of bursa
  • –ectomy: chondrectomy - surgical removal of cartilage
  • –malacia: chondromalacia - softening of cartilage
  • –oma: chondroma - cartilage tumor
  • –plasty: chondroplasty - surgical repair of cartilage

Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o

  • –al: cortical - pertaining to the outer portion
  • intra– –al: intracranial - pertaining to inside the skull
  • –otomy: craniotomy - incision into the skull

Word Building with medull/o & myel/o

  • –ary: medullary - pertaining to the inner portion
  • –oma: myeloma - red bone marrow tumor

Word Building with oste/o

  • –algia: ostealgia - bone pain
  • chondr/o –oma: osteochondroma - bone and cartilage tumor
  • –clasia: osteoclasia - surgically break a bone
  • myel/o –itis: osteomyelitis - bone and bone marrow inflammation
  • –otomy: osteotomy - incision into bone
  • –pathy: osteopathy - bone disease
  • –tome: osteotome - instrument to cut bone

Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o

  • –itis: synovitis - inflammation of synovial membrane
  • –ectomy: synovectomy - surgical removal of synovial membrane
  • inter– –al: intervertebral - pertaining to between vertebrae

Adjective Forms of Bone Names

  • iliac: ilium - one of three bony components of the hip bone
  • ischial: ischium - paired bone of the pelvis
  • carpal: carpus - eight small bones located in the wrist
  • metacarpal: metacarpus - five bones of the hand between phalanges and carpus
  • cervical: neck - joins head to shoulder
  • costal: rib - form the thoracic cage
  • cranial: cranium - part of the skull
  • femoral: femur - strongest and longest bone in the body
  • humeral: humerus - longest and largest bone in the upper limb
  • tarsal: tarsus - seven bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot
  • tibial: tibia - long bone in the leg located medially to fibula
  • ulnar: ulna - one of the long bones in the forearm next to radius
  • clavicular: clavicle - elongated bone that rests horizontally at the sternum
  • fibular: fibula - slender bone located on the posterior portion of the leg
  • lumbar: lower back - portion of the vertebral column
  • mandibular: mandible - largest bone of the facial skeleton
  • patellar: patella - kneecap
  • scapular: scapula - shoulder blade
  • maxillary: maxilla - upper jaw
  • coccygeal: coccyx - tailbone, bottom part of the vertebral column
  • phalangeal: phalanges - bones that make up fingers and toes
  • pelvic: pelvis - base of spine and supports internal organs
  • pubic: pubis - part of the pelvis, located in the front and forms part of the pelvic cavity
  • thoracic: thorax - chest region, contains the ribs

Muscular System Combining Forms

  • fasci/o: fibrous band
  • fibr/o: fibers
  • kinesi/o: movement
  • muscul/o: muscle
  • my/o: muscle
  • myocardi/o: heart muscle
  • myos/o: muscle
  • plant/o: sole of the foot
  • ten/o: tendon
  • tend/o: tendon
  • tendin/o: tendon

Muscular System Suffixes

  • –asthenia: weakness
  • –kinesia: movement
  • –tonia: tone

Muscular System Prefixes

  • ab–: away from
  • ad–: towards
  • circum–: around

Movement Terminology

  • Abduction: movement away from midline of body
  • Adduction: movement towards midline of body
  • Flexion: act of bending or being bent
  • Extension: brings limb into a straight condition
  • Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the foot
  • Plantar flexion: bending sole of foot; pointing toes

Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o

  • –al: fascial - pertaining to fascia
  • –itis: fasciitis - inflammation of fascia
  • –otomy: fasciotomy - incision into fascia
  • –logy: kinesiology - study of movement

Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o

  • –ar: muscular - pertaining to muscles
  • poly– –itis: polymyositis - inflammation of many muscles

Word Building with my/o

  • –algia: myalgia - muscle pain
  • –asthenia: myasthenia - muscle weakness
  • electr/o –gram: electromyogram - record of muscle electricity
  • cardi/o –al: myocardial - pertaining to heart muscle
  • –pathy: myopathy - muscle disease
  • –plasty: myoplasty - surgical repair of muscle
  • –rrhaphy: myorrhaphy - suture a muscle
  • –rrhexis: myorrhexis - muscle rupture

Word Building with –kinesia

  • brady–: bradykinesia - slow movement
  • dys–: dyskinesia - difficult movement
  • hyper–: hyperkinesia - excessive movement
  • hypo–: hypokinesia - insufficient movement

Word Building with –tonia

  • a–: atonia - lack of tone
  • dys–: dystonia - abnormal tone
  • hyper–: hypertonia - excessive tone
  • hypo–: hypotonia - insufficient tone
  • my/o: myotonia - muscle tone

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Musculoskeletal System, Joints, and Related Structures PDF

Description

Explore the essential components and terminology of the skeletal system in this quiz. Learn about the organs involved, their functions, and different combining forms related to bones and joints. Test your understanding of skeletal terms and their meanings.

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