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Questions and Answers
The ilium is the most inferior part of the hip bone.
False
The carpal bones are located in the wrist area.
True
The femur is the shortest bone in the body.
False
The humerus consists of a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end.
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The sternum lies posterior to the thorax.
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The tarsus is made up of five bones.
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The ribs form the thoracic cage and protect various organs.
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The cranium is composed of 22 bones, all of which are cranial bones.
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The ulna is located next to the tibia in the leg.
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The pelvis is formed by the fusion of the hip bones, including the pubis.
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The clavicle is associated with the combining form clavicul/o.
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Arthrocentesis is a procedure that involves the surgical removal of a joint.
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Osteoarthritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the bone marrow.
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Bursitis refers to the inflammation of the bursa.
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Chondromalacia is the term for the softening of cartilage.
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A craniotomy is an incision into the wrist.
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The anatomical term for the knee cap is patella.
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Synovitis refers to the inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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Osteomyelitis is a condition that affects blood cells.
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The term 'intervertebral' pertains to the bones of the skull.
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The clavicle is a vertical bone that connects the sternum to the scapula.
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The maxilla is part of the skull and forms the upper jaw.
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The fibula is located on the anterior portion of the leg.
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The coccyx is also referred to as the base of the vertebral column.
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The pelvis is specifically designed to support the upper limbs.
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The patella serves as protection for the elbow joint.
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Each finger has four phalanges.
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The scapula is a flat triangular bone located at the front of the trunk.
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The thorax contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs.
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The lumbar spine is situated in the upper half of the vertebral column.
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Kyphosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive concavity.
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Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of the foot in a backward direction.
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The combining form 'my/o' specifically refers to tendons.
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The suffix '–asthenia' indicates a condition of weakness.
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Plantar flexion is the act of bending the toes upward.
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The term 'myopathy' refers to a disease of the muscles.
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Hypertonia is characterized by insufficient muscle tone.
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Abduction involves movement towards the midline of the body.
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Bradykinesia denotes slow movement.
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Fasciitis is the term used for the inflammation of muscle fibers.
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The metatarsal bones are located in the hand.
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The rib cage protects the thoracic cavity and various organs.
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The sacrum is made up of seven fused vertebrae.
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The femur is the longest bone in the human body.
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The carpal bones are located in the ankle.
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The humerus connects the shoulder to the elbow.
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The ulna is located medial to the radius in the forearm.
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The tibia is known as the calf bone.
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The pelvis is made up of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
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There are 22 bones in the human skull, all of which are cranial bones.
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Scoliosis is described as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
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Muscular system functions include the ability of individual cells to contract and produce movement.
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The term 'ten/o' refers to muscle tissue.
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Dorsiflexion is the action of bending the sole of the foot downwards.
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Hyperkinesia refers to a condition of excessive movement.
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Myasthenia refers to excessive muscle tone.
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The suffix '–otomy' indicates a surgical procedure to cut into a structure.
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Abduction involves movement of a body part toward the midline.
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Muscle pain is referred to as myalgia.
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Hypotonia refers to excessive muscle tone.
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The clavicle is a vertically positioned bone that supports the ribs.
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The maxilla forms the upper jaw and includes support for the upper teeth.
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The fibula is a thick, cylindrical bone located on the anterior portion of the leg.
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The coccyx consists of several small, fused bones and helps support weight while sitting.
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The thorax contains the spine and is responsible for protecting the lungs and heart.
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Each finger has three phalanges, but the thumb has only two.
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The pubis is located at the back of the pelvis and is vital for supporting the internal organs.
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The scapula is often referred to as the shoulder blade and is located at the front of the trunk.
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The lumbar spine is located in the lower half of the vertebral column.
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The patella, also known as the kneecap, protects the ankle joint.
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The term 'osteoclasia' refers to the surgical fusion of a joint.
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Arthralgia is a term used to describe pain in the joints.
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The combining form 'myel/o' represents the rib.
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Chondroma is a tumor that affects cartilage.
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Arthroclasia is a procedure to repair ligaments.
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The ilium is one of the three bones that make up the pelvis.
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Surgical removal of bursa is termed bursitis.
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The term 'intracranial' refers to the outer portion of the skull.
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Osteomyelitis involves inflammation of the bone marrow.
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Cervical pertains to the bones of the rib cage.
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Which bone forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth?
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What is the primary function of the coccyx?
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Which bone is known as the shoulder blade?
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Which part of the body does the fibula belong to?
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How many phalanges does each finger possess?
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Which bone is considered the strongest and longest in the body?
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What structure connects the head to the shoulders and chest?
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Which bone serves to protect the knee joint?
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Which group of bones forms the structure known as the rib cage?
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What does the lumbar spine refer to in the vertebral column?
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Which bone is part of the pelvis and forms the front portion?
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Which bone is located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges in the foot?
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Which of the following bones is part of the cranium?
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Which structure is included within the thorax?
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What is the primary function of the sacrum?
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Which bone is located on the posterior side of the leg?
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Which bone is known as the shin bone?
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Which is NOT one of the main parts of the cranium?
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The anatomical term for the upper jaw is which of the following?
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Which bone is NOT classified as a long bone?
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What does the suffix '–asthenia' signify in medical terminology?
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Which term describes an abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive posterior curvature?
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What is dorsiflexion associated with in terms of movement?
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Which combining form refers specifically to muscle fibers?
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What does the prefix 'ad-' indicate in medical terminology?
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Which term is used to describe the surgical repair of a muscle?
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What condition does 'hyperkinesia' refer to?
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What is meant by the term 'fascial' in medical terminology?
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Which condition describes difficulty in movement?
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What does the term 'myorrhexis' refer to in medical terminology?
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Which function is NOT associated with the skeletal system?
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What does the combining form 'arthr/o' refer to?
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Which of the following terms denotes inflammation of a joint?
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Which suffix indicates a surgical removal procedure?
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What condition describes the softening of cartilage?
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Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched to its meaning?
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What does the combining form 'oste/o' relate to?
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What anatomical feature does the term 'intervertebral' describe?
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Which term describes the procedure for viewing a joint?
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What does the term 'osteomyelitis' specifically refer to?
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Which term refers to the surgical procedure involving the fusion of a joint?
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What is the anatomical term for inflammation of the bursa?
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Which combining form represents bone marrow?
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Which term describes a condition involving the softening of cartilage?
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What is the correct term for the surgical removal of cartilage?
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The anatomical term for the process of surgically cutting into a bone is known as?
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Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?
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Which combining form indicates 'rib' in anatomical terminology?
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What does the combining form 'vertebr/o' refer to?
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Which of the following terms refers to the inflammation of a synovial membrane?
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What is the primary function of the ribs in the body?
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Which part of the skeleton is primarily responsible for connecting the head to the shoulders?
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What is the significance of the femur bone in the human body?
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What is the total number of bones that create the cranium?
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Which of the following bones is classified as an irregularly shaped bone?
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Which bone in the leg is located laterally to the tibia?
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What type of bones are the metacarpus classified as?
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In anatomical terminology, what does 'phalangeal' refer to?
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The structure known as the thoracic cage primarily serves to protect which of the following?
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Which of the following denotes the bone structure consisting of fused vertebrae?
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What does the combining form 'kinesi/o' refer to?
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What does the suffix '-itis' indicate?
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Which term describes the act of bending?
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What is the meaning of the prefix 'ad-'?
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Which of the following terms describes insufficient muscle tone?
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Which medical term refers to inflammation of the fascia?
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Which movement is characterized by bending the sole of the foot and pointing the toes?
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What condition does 'myasthenia' refer to?
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What does 'bradykinesia' mean?
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Which of the following terms indicates a study of movement?
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What is the role of the fibula in the leg?
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Which bone forms the upper jaw and aids in the structure of the nasal cavity?
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What is a key function of the coccyx in the human body?
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Which term best describes the patella's location and function?
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Which of the following descriptions accurately identifies the lumbar spine?
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Which bone in the body is specifically known as the shoulder blade?
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What role does the pelvis serve in the human body?
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What is a defining feature of the mandible?
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Which bones compose the phalanges in the fingers and toes?
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What is the primary function of the thorax in the skeletal structure?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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Define arthralgia.
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What does the term chondromalacia mean?
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What is the significance of the combining form oste/o?
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Explain the term 'arthroscopy'.
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What does synovectomy involve?
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What are the main components of the axial skeleton?
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What does a craniotomy entail?
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Define bursitis.
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What is the function of the patella?
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What component of the hip bone forms the most superior and largest part of the pelvis?
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Which bones are located in the wrist and are irregularly shaped?
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What is the anatomical term for the bone structure that forms the thoracic cage?
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Identify the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
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What are the names of the two long bones found in the forearm?
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What does the tibia primarily refer to in the context of the leg?
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Which bone lies in the anterior midline of the thorax?
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How many bones constitute the tarsus, and where are they located?
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What is the combined term for the five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine?
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Identify the two main parts of the cranium.
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What role does the clavicle play in the skeletal structure?
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Describe the main function of the coccyx in the human body.
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How many phalanges are found in each finger and toe?
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What is the significance of the lumbar spine in human anatomy?
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Which bone is known as the shoulder blade?
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Identify the bone that forms the upper jaw.
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What is the primary function of the patella?
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Describe the relationship between the tibia and fibula.
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What bones comprise the pelvis?
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What structures does the thorax protect?
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Define kyphosis and discuss its impact on posture.
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What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
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Explain the term 'myasthenia' as related to muscle function.
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What does the suffix '-kinesia' indicate in medical terms?
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Differentiate between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.
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Identify the muscle combining form that relates specifically to heart muscle.
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What is polymyositis and how does it affect the body?
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Describe the importance of 'atonia' in the context of muscle tone.
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What is the significance of using the prefix 'ab-' in medical terminology?
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How does 'hypertonia' affect muscle function?
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What are the two main parts of the cranium?
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What type of bones are the metatarsal bones categorized as, and where are they located?
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Describe the structure of the femur.
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How many cranial bones are there in the human skull?
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What is the role of the ribs in the human body?
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What is the function of the sternum in the body?
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Where is the sacrum located and what is its composition?
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What characterizes the metacarpus?
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What is the primary anatomical landmark of the humerus?
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How many bones make up the tarsus in the foot?
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What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?
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Define 'arthralgia' and its significance in musculoskeletal terminology.
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What does the combining form 'oste/o' specifically relate to?
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What is 'osteomyelitis' and what area of the body does it affect?
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How does 'chondromalacia' affect cartilage in the body?
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Explain the term 'arthrodesis' and its purpose in orthopedic surgery.
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What does 'bursitis' indicate about the state of bursae in the body?
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What is the abnormal curvature of the spine characterized by excessive outward bending?
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Define 'chondrectomy' and its relevance in medical treatment.
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What term describes movement toward the midline of the body?
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What does the term 'intervertebral' signify in terms of vertebrae?
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Define 'hypokinesia' in relation to muscle movement.
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What role does the combining form 'myel/o' play in medical terminology?
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What does the combining form 'my/o' refer to?
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What is the effect of 'hypertonia' on muscle tone?
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What is meant by the term 'myalgia'?
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Explain what 'dorsiflexion' means in terms of foot movement.
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What does the suffix '-asthenia' indicate in a medical term?
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Define 'fasciitis'.
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What is the meaning of 'bradykinesia'?
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What role does the clavicle play in the skeletal system?
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Describe the anatomical significance of the maxilla.
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What is the function of the fibula in the leg?
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Explain the role of the coccyx in human anatomy.
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How many phalanges are found in each finger, and what is their function?
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What is the significance of the pubis in the pelvis?
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What are the primary functions of the thorax?
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In what way does the lumbar spine differ from other parts of the vertebral column?
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Discuss the protection role of the patella in the knee joint.
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Describe the role of the scapula in the upper torso.
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The skeletal system serves as the internal __________ of the body.
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The combining form 'oste/o' refers to __________.
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Arthritis is an inflammation of the __________.
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The __________ is a paired bone of the pelvis.
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A __________ is a surgical incision into a joint.
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Bursitis refers to the inflammation of a __________.
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A __________ is an instrument used to view a joint.
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The __________ bones are located in the wrist area.
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The term 'intervertebral' pertains to the spaces __________ vertebrae.
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The __________ is the term for a tumor of cartilage.
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The ilium forms the most superior and largest part of the ______.
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The ______ bones consist of five long bones located in the foot.
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Abnormal spinal curvatures include kyphosis, lordosis, and ______.
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The ______ protects the thoracic cavity and various organs.
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The individual muscle cells are able to contract, producing ______.
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The ______ is part of the lower limb and extends from the hip to the knee.
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The ______ is an irregularly shaped bone, made up of fused vertebrae.
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The combining form for muscle is ______.
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The proximal end, shaft, and distal end are parts of the ______.
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The prefix 'ab–' indicates movement ______ from the midline.
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The ______ consists of eight small and irregularly shaped bones.
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An inflammation of fascia is known as ______.
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The suffix '–tonia' relates to muscle ______.
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The ______ is also known as the shin bone.
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Dorsiflexion involves the ______ bending of the foot.
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The ______ lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.
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Myalgia is a term for ______ pain.
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The two main parts of the cranium are the cranial ______ and the cranial base.
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Bradykinesia is characterized by ______ movement.
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The term 'dystonia' refers to an ______ tone of muscles.
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The ______ is a slender, cylindrical leg bone located on the posterior portion of the limb.
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The ______ forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth.
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The ______ is the largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull.
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The ______ is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.
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The ______ refers to the bony structure that supports the internal organs and transfers body weight to the lower limbs.
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The ______ is known as the kneecap and protects the knee joint from damage.
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The ______ contains three bones in each finger, while the thumb has only two.
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The ______ consists of several small fused bones and helps support weight while sitting.
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The ______ represents the chest region and contains ribs that protect the heart and lungs.
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The ______ lies horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage.
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The ______ is a bone in the pelvis that is one of its three components.
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The ______ is a structure that connects the arm to the trunk.
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The ______ is known as the knee cap.
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The term ______ refers to the softening of cartilage.
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______ refers to inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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The ______ is the outer portion of a bone.
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The prefix ______ refers to the vertebral bones.
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Arthritis is a term used to describe ______ inflammation.
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The ______ bones are located in the wrist area.
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A surgical procedure to fuse a joint is known as ______.
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Abnormal spinal curvatures include kyphosis, lordosis, and ______.
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Individual cells in the muscular system are able to ______ or shorten in length.
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The combining form 'my/o' refers to ______.
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Movement away from the midline of the body is called ______.
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The term 'dystonia' refers to abnormal ______ of muscle tone.
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In a condition known as ______, there is muscle pain.
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Bradykinesia is defined as ______ movement.
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The suffix '–itis' indicates ______ of a specific area, such as 'fasciitis.'
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The act of bending or being bent is known as ______.
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The combining form 'kinesi/o' relates to ______.
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The ______ is the main bone of the pelvis.
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The ______ are a group of five long bones located in the foot.
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The ribs form the ______ cage, which protects various organs.
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The ______ is made up of a group of five fused vertebrae.
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The femur is known as the ______ bone in the body.
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The ______ consists of the proximal end, shaft, and distal end.
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The ______ forms the posterior aspect of the foot.
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The bone located next to the radius in the forearm is called the ______.
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The carpal bones are found ______ the phalanges.
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The ______ is located in the anterior midline of our thorax.
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The ______ extends from the elbow to the wrist and plays a role in arm movement and stability.
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The clavicle is an elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the ______ across the upper part of the ribcage.
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The ______ forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth.
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The fibula is a slender, cylindrical leg bone that is located on the ______ portion of the limb.
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The ______ is also known as the tailbone and is the bottom part of the vertebral column.
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Each finger and toe has three ______, except for the thumb and big toe, which have only two.
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The ______ forms the base of the spine and supports the internal organs.
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The ______ protects the knee joint from damage and is commonly referred to as the kneecap.
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The scapula, also known as the ______, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.
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The thorax contains the ribs, which protect the ______ and lungs.
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Match the combining forms with their meanings:
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Match the suffixes with their related conditions:
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Match the bones with their corresponding locations:
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Match the types of surgeries with their definitions:
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Match the bones with their anatomical descriptions:
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Match the bone with its description:
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Match the bone group with their location:
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Match the anatomical term with its corresponding bone:
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Match the type of bone with its characteristic:
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Match the bone with its location in the body:
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Match the combining form with its corresponding bone:
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Match the type of spine with its description:
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Match the bone with the part of the body it supports:
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Match the following bones with their descriptions:
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Match the following skeletal regions with their functions:
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Match the following bones with their associated features:
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Match the following terms to their respective anatomical positions:
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Match the following bones with their locations in the body:
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Match the following skeletal terms with their functions:
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Match the following bones with their structural characteristics:
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Organs
- Consists of bones and joints
- Provides internal framework and support for the body
- Protects internal organs
- Provides point of attachment for muscles
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o: stiff joint
- arthr/o: joint
- carp/o: wrist
- cervic/o: neck
- myel/o: bone marrow
- orth/o: straight
- oste/o: bone
- chondr/o: cartilage
- clavicul/o: clavicle
- coccyg/o: coccyx
- cortic/o: outer portion
- cost/o: rib
- crani/o: skull
- metacarp/o: metacarpals
- patell/o: patella
- ped/o: foot
- pelv/o: pelvis
- vertebr/o: vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- arthralgia: joint pain
- arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
- arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
- arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
- arthrogram: record of a joint
- arthritis: joint inflammation
- arthrotomy: incision into a joint
- arthroscope: instrument to view joint
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
- bursitis: inflammation of bursa
- chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
- chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
- chondroma: cartilage tumor
- chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
- intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
- craniotomy: incision into the skull
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
- myeloma: red bone marrow tumor
Word Building with oste/o
- ostealgia: bone pain
- osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
- osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
- osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
- osteotomy: incision into bone
- osteopathy: bone disease
- osteotome: instrument to cut bone
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
- synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
- intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac: ilium
- ischial: ischium
- carpal: carpus
- metacarpal: metacarpus
- cervical: neck
- metatarsal: metatarsus
- costal: rib
- radial: radius
- cranial: cranium
- sacral: sacrum
- femoral: femur
- sternal: sternum
- humeral: humerus
- tarsal: tarsus
- tibial: tibia
- ulnar: ulna
- clavicular: clavicle
- maxillary: maxilla
- fibular: fibula
- coccygeal: coccyx
- lumbar: low back
- phalangeal: phalanges
- mandibular: mandible
- pelvic: pelvis
- patellar: patella
- pubic: pubis
- scapular: scapula
- thoracic: thorax
Bone Descriptions
- Ilium: Largest and most superior component of the hip bone, forming part of the pelvis
- Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone with ilium and pubis
- Carpus: Eight small bones located in the wrist
- Metacarpus: Five bones located in the hand, between the phalanges and carpus
- Metatarsus: Five long bones located in the foot, between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (toe bones)
- Radius & Ulna: Long bones of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist
- Cranium: Part of the skull, made up of eight cranial bones, forming the cranial roof and base
- Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body located in the lower limb, between the hip and knee
- Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, with a proximal end, shaft, and distal end
- Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming the breastbone
- Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot, including the talus.
- Tibia (shin bone): Long bone of the leg, medial to the fibula
- Ulna: Long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist
- Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone across the upper part of the ribcage
- Fibula: Slender, cylindrical bone located on the posterior portion of the leg
- Lumbar Spine: Located in the lower half of the vertebral column
- Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull
- Patella (kneecap): Bone in front of the knee joint, protecting the joint from damage
- Scapula (shoulder blade): Flat, triangular bone located at the back of the trunk
- Maxilla: Bone forming the upper jaw, holding the upper teeth, shaping parts of the nasal cavity and eye sockets
- Coccyx (tailbone): Bottom part of the vertebral column, made up of fused bones
- Phalanges: Bones that make up the fingers and toes, each finger and toe has three phalanges except for the thumb and big toe which have two
- Pelvis: Forms the base of the spine, supporting internal organs and transferring weight to lower limbs
- Pubis: Part of the pelvis, located in the front, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting reproductive organs
- **Thorax (chest region): ** Contains the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- Kyphosis: Abnormal outward curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic region (humpback)
- Lordosis: Abnormal inward curvature of the spine, often in the lumbar region (swayback)
- Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic or lumbar region
Muscular System Organs
- Composed of muscles
- Individual cells are able to contract or shorten
- Contraction produces movement
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o: fibrous band
- fibr/o: fibers
- kinesi/o: movement
- muscul/o: muscle
- my/o: muscle
- myocardi/o: heart muscle
- myos/o: muscle
- plant/o: sole of foot
- ten/o: tendon
- tend/o: tendon
- tendin/o: tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: weakness
- –kinesia: movement
- –tonia: tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: away from
- ad–: towards
- circum–: around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body
- Flexion: Act of bending or being bent
- Extension: Brings a limb into a straight condition
- Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot
- Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot, pointing toes
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- fascial: pertaining to fascia
- fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
- fasciotomy: incision into fascia
- kinesiology: study of movement
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- muscular: pertaining to muscle
- polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles
Word Building with my/o
- myalgia: muscle pain
- myasthenia: muscle weakness
- electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
- myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
- myopathy: muscle disease
- myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
- myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
- myorrhexis: muscle rupture
Word Building with –kinesia
- bradykinesia: slow movement
- dyskinesia: difficult movement
- hyperkinesia: excessive movement
- hypokinesia: insufficient movement
Word Building with –tonia
- atonia: lack of tone
- dystonia: abnormal tone
- hypertonia: excessive tone
- hypotonia: insufficient tone
- myotonia: muscle tone
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system provides internal support and protects organs.
- It is also involved in blood cell production and mineral storage.
- The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Combining Forms
- ankyl/o means stiff joint
- arthr/o means joint
- carp/o means wrist
- cervic/o means neck
- myel/o means bone marrow
- orth/o means straight
- oste/o means bone
- chondr/o means cartilage
- clavicul/o means clavicle
- coccyg/o means coccyx
- cortic/o means outer portion
- cost/o means rib
- crani/o means skull
- metacarp/o means metacarpals
- patell/o means patella
- ped/o means foot
- pelv/o means pelvis
- vertebr/o means vertebra
Word Building
Arthr/o
- arthralgia means joint pain
- arthrocentesis means puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint
- arthroclasia means surgically break a joint
- arthrodesis means fusion of a joint
- arthrogram means record of a joint
- arthritis means joint inflammation
- arthrotomy means incision into a joint
- arthroscope means instrument to view a joint
Burs/o & Chondr/o
- bursectomy means surgical removal of bursa
- bursitis means inflammation of bursa
- chondrectomy means surgical removal of cartilage
- chondromalacia means softening of cartilage
- chondroma means cartilage tumor
- chondroplasty means surgical repair of cartilage
Cortic/o and Crani/o
- cortical means pertaining to the outer portion
- intracranial means pertaining to inside the skull
- craniotomy means incision into the skull
Medull/o & Myel/o
- medullary means pertaining to the inner portion
- myeloma means red bone marrow tumor
Oste/o
- ostealgia means bone pain
- osteochondroma means bone and cartilage tumor
- osteoclasia means surgically break a bone
- osteomyelitis means bone and bone marrow inflammation
- osteotomy means incision into bone
- osteopathy means bone disease
- osteotome means instrument to cut bone
Synov/o & Vertebr/o
- synovitis means inflammation of synovial membrane
- synovectomy means surgical removal of synovial membrane
- intervertebral means pertaining to between vertebrae
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac refers to the ilium
- ischial refers to the ischium
- carpal refers to the carpus
- metacarpal refers to the metacarpus
- cervical refers to the neck
- metatarsal refers to the metatarsus
- costal refers to the rib
- radial refers to the radius
- cranial refers to the cranium
- sacral refers to the sacrum
- femoral refers to the femur
- sternal refers to the sternum
- humeral refers to the humerus
- tarsal refers to the tarsus
- tibial refers to the tibia
- ulnar refers to the ulna
- clavicular refers to the clavicle
- maxillary refers to the maxilla
- fibular refers to the fibula
- coccygeal refers to the coccyx
- lumbar refers to the low back
- phalangeal refers to the phalanges
- mandibular refers to the mandible
- pelvic refers to the pelvis
- patellar refers to the patella
- pubic refers to the pubis
- scapular refers to the scapula
- thoracic refers to the thorax
Bones of the Skeleton
-
Ilium
- One of the three bones that make up the hip bone.
- Forms the superior and largest part of the hip bone.
-
Ischium
- Paired bone of the pelvis.
- Together with the ilium and pubis, it forms the hip bone.
-
Metacarpus
- Group of five bones of the hand between the phalanges and the carpus.
-
Metatarsals
- Group of five long bones located in the metatarsal of the foot.
-
Neck
- Portion of the body connecting the head to the shoulders and chest.
-
Ribs
- Flat bones forming the rib cage, protecting internal organs.
-
Cranium
- Composed of eight cranial bones forming the skull, including the cranial roof and base.
-
Femur
- Strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb.
-
Humerus
- Longest and largest bone of the upper limb.
-
Tarsus
- Consists of seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot.
-
Tibia
- Long bone of the leg, located medial to the fibula.
-
Ulna
- Long bone in the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
-
Clavicle
- Elongated, S-shaped bone resting horizontally across the upper part of the rib cage.
-
Fibula
- Slender, cylindrical leg bone located on the posterior portion of the limb.
-
Lumbar Spine
- Lower half of the vertebral column.
-
Mandible
- Largest bone of the facial skeleton, and the only mobile bone in the skull.
-
Patella
- Kneecap, protecting the knee joint from damage.
- It sits in front of the knee joint.
-
Scapula
- Shoulder blade, flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk.
-
Sternum
- Breastbone, located in the anterior midline of the thorax.
-
Maxilla
- Upper jaw bone that holds the upper teeth.
- It also helps shape the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
-
Coccyx
- Tailbone, bottom part of the vertebral column
-
Phalanges
- Bones that make up the fingers and toes.
- Each finger and toe has three phalanges, except for the thumb and big toe which have two.
-
Pelvis
- Forms the base of the spine and supports internal organs.
- It also helps transfer body weight to the lower limbs.
-
Pubis
- Part of the pelvis, located in the front.
- It forms part of the pelvic cavity and is essential for supporting the reproductive organs.
-
Thorax
- Chest region containing the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs.
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
-
Kyphosis
- Excessive outward curvature of the spine, often in the thoracic region.
-
Lordosis
- Excessive inward curvature of the spine, often in the lumbar region.
-
Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the spine.
Muscular System
- The muscular system enables movement by shortening individual muscle cells (contraction).
- It is responsible for movements, posture, and heat production.
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o means fibrous band
- fibr/o means fibers
- kinesi/o means movement
- muscul/o means muscle
- my/o means muscle
- myocardi/o means heart muscle
- myos/o means muscle
- plant/o means sole of foot
- ten/o means tendon
- tend/o means tendon
- tendin/o means tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia means weakness
- –kinesia means movement
- –tonia means tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab– means away from
- ad– means towards
- circum– means around
Movement Terminology
-
Abduction
- Movement away from the midline of the body.
-
Adduction
- Movement towards the midline of the body.
-
Flexion
- Act of bending or being bent.
-
Extension
- Straightens a limb.
-
Dorsiflexion
- Backward bending of the foot.
-
Plantar Flexion
- Bending of the sole of the foot; pointing toes.
Word Building
Fasci/o & Kinesi/o
- fascial means pertaining to fascia
- fasciitis means inflammation of fascia
- fasciotomy means incision into fascia
- kinesiology means study of movement
Muscul/o & Myos/o
- muscular means pertaining to muscles
- polymyositis means inflammation of many muscles
My/o
- myalgia means muscle pain
- myasthenia means muscle weakness
- electromyogram means record of muscle electricity
- myocardial means pertaining to heart muscle
- myopathy means muscle disease
- myoplasty means surgical repair of muscle
- myorrhaphy means suture a muscle
- myorrhexis means muscle rupture
–Kinesia
- bradykinesia means slow movement
- dyskinesia means difficult movement
- hyperkinesia means excessive movement
- hypokinesia means insufficient movement
–Tonia
- atonia means lack of tone
- dystonia means abnormal tone
- hypertonia means excessive tone
- hypotonia means insufficient tone
- myotonia means muscle tone
Organs of the Skeletal System
- Bones of the skeleton.
- Joints
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Providing the body with an internal framework.
- Supporting the body.
- Protecting internal organs.
- Serving as a point of attachment for muscles.
- Producing blood cells.
- Storing minerals.
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o - stiff joint
- arthr/o - joint
- carp/o - wrist
- cervic/o - neck
- myel/o - bone marrow
- orth/o - straight
- oste/o - bone
- chondr/o - cartilage
- clavicul/o - clavicle
- coccyg/o - coccyx
- cortic/o - outer portion
- cost/o - rib
- crani/o - skull
- metacarp/o - metacarpals
- patell/o - patella
- ped/o - foot
- pelv/o - pelvis
- vertebr/o - vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- –algia - arthralgia - joint pain
- –centesis - arthrocentesis - puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint.
- –clasia - arthroclasia - surgically break a joint.
- –desis - arthrodesis - fusion of a joint.
- –gram - arthrogram - record of a joint.
- –itis - arthritis - joint inflammation.
- –otomy - arthrotomy - incision into a joint.
- –scope - arthroscope - instrument to view joint.
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- –ectomy - bursectomy - surgical removal of bursa.
- –itis - bursitis - inflammation of bursa.
- –ectomy - chondrectomy - surgical removal of cartilage.
- –malacia - chondromalacia - softening of cartilage.
- –oma - chondroma - cartilage tumor.
- –plasty - chondroplasty - surgical repair of cartilage.
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- –al - cortical - pertaining to the outer portion.
- intra– –al - intracranial - pertaining to inside the skull.
- –otomy - craniotomy - incision into the skull.
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- –ary - medullary - pertaining to the inner portion.
- –oma - myeloma - red bone marrow tumor.
Word Building with oste/o
- –algia - ostealgia - bone pain.
- chondr/o –oma - osteochondroma - bone and cartilage tumor.
- –clasia - osteoclasia - surgically break a bone.
- myel/o –itis - osteomyelitis - bone and bone marrow inflammation.
- –otomy - osteotomy - incision into bone.
- –pathy - osteopathy - bone disease.
- –tome - osteotome - instrument to cut bone.
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- –itis - synovitis - inflammation of synovial membrane.
- –ectomy - synovectomy - surgical removal of the synovial membrane.
- inter– –al - intervertebral - pertaining to between vertebrae.
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac - ilium
- ischial - ischium
- carpal - carpus
- metacarpal - metacarpus
- cervical - neck
- metatarsal - metatarsus
- costal - rib
- radial - radius
- cranial - cranium
- sacral - sacrum
- femoral - femur
- sternal - sternum
- humeral - humerus
- tarsal - tarsus
- tibial - tibia
- ulnar - ulna
- clavicular - clavicle
- maxillary - maxilla
- fibular - fibula
- coccygeal - coccyx
- lumbar - low back
- phalangeal - phalanges
- mandibular - mandible
- pelvic - pelvis
- patellar - patella
- pubic - pubis
- scapular - scapula
- thoracic - thorax
Descriptions of Specific Bones:
- Ilium: The largest and most superior part of the hip bone, forming the main bone of the pelvis.
- Ischium: Paired bones of the pelvis along with the ilium and pubis, forming the hip bone.
- Metacarpus: Five bones of the hand located between the phalanges and the carpus.
- Metatarsals: Five long bones in the foot, between the tarsal bones (ankle) and phalanges (toe bones).
- Carpal bones: Eight small, irregularly shaped bones located in the wrist area.
- Neck: Portion of the body connecting the head to the shoulders and chest.
- Ribs: Flat bones forming the thoracic cage (rib cage), protecting organs in the thoracic cavity.
- Cranium: Part of the skull, composed of eight cranial bones, including the cranial roof and base.
- Femur: The strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb between the hip and knee joints.
- Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
- Radius and Ulna: Long bones of the forearm extending from the elbow to the wrist, enabling arm movement and stability.
- Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone composed of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
- Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming part of the rib cage.
- Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot, including the talus, which forms the ankle.
- Tibia: The shin bone, a long bone located medially to the fibula in the leg.
- Ulna: One of the long bones in the forearm located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
- Clavicle: S-shaped bone horizontally placed at the sternum across the upper part of the rib cage.
- Fibula: Slender, cylindrical leg bone found on the posterior portion of the limb next to the tibia.
- Lumbar spine: Section of the vertebral column located in the lower half.
- Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton, also known as the jawbone.
- Patella: Kneecap, located in front of the knee joint, protecting the joint from damage.
- Scapula: Shoulder blade, a triangular flat bone located at the back of the trunk.
- Maxilla: Bone forming the upper jaw, holding upper teeth and contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
- Coccyx: Tailbone, the bottom part of the vertebral column, composed of fused vertebrae.
- Phalanges: Bones composing the fingers and toes, with three phalanges in each (except the thumb and big toe which have two).
- Pelvis: Base of the spine, supporting internal organs and transferring body weight to the lower limbs.
- Pubis: Front part of the pelvis, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting reproductive organs.
- Thorax: Chest region containing the ribs and forming the skeletal structure of the upper torso, protecting the heart and lungs.
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- Kyphosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, causing a rounded back.
- Lordosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, resulting in an inward curvature of the lower back.
- Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, causing a sideways curve.
Organs of the Muscular System
- Muscles
Functions of the Muscular System
- Individual muscle cells can contract or shorten in length, producing movement.
- Shortening of muscle cells results in movement.
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o - fibrous band
- fibr/o - fibers
- kinesi/o - movement
- muscul/o - muscle
- my/o - muscle
- myocardi/o - heart muscle
- myos/o - muscle
- plant/o - sole of the foot
- ten/o - tendon
- tend/o - tendon
- tendin/o - tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia - weakness
- –kinesia - movement
- –tonia - tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab– - away from
- ad– - towards
- circum– - around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.
- Flexion: Act of bending or being bent.
- Extension: Straightening of a limb.
- Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot.
- Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot, pointing toes.
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- –al - fascial - pertaining to fascia.
- –itis - fasciitis - inflammation of fascia.
- –otomy - fasciotomy - incision into fascia.
- –logy - kinesiology - study of movement.
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- –ar - muscular - pertaining to muscles.
- poly– –itis - polymyositis - inflammation of many muscles.
Word Building with my/o
- –algia - myalgia - muscle pain.
- –asthenia - myasthenia - muscle weakness.
- electr/o –gram - electromyogram - record of muscle electricity.
- cardi/o –al - myocardial - pertaining to heart muscle.
- –pathy - myopathy - muscle disease.
- –plasty - myoplasty - surgical repair of muscle.
- –rrhaphy - myorrhaphy - suture a muscle.
- –rrhexis - myorrhexis - muscle rupture.
Word Building with –kinesia
- brady– - bradykinesia - slow movement.
- dys– - dyskinesia - difficult movement.
- hyper– - hyperkinesia - excessive movement.
- hypo– - hypokinesia - insufficient movement.
Word Building with –tonia
- a– - atonia - lack of tone.
- dys– - dystonia - abnormal tone.
- hyper– - hypertonia - excessive tone.
- hypo– - hypotonia - insufficient tone.
- my/o - myotonia - muscle tone.
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system provides internal framework, supports the body, protects internal organs, is the point of attachment for muscles, produces blood cells and stores minerals.
Combining Forms Related to the Skeletal System
- ankyl/o: stiff joint
- arthr/o: joint
- carp/o: wrist
- cervic/o: neck
- myel/o: bone marrow
- orth/o: straight
- oste/o: bone
- chondr/o: cartilage
- clavicul/o: clavicle
- coccyg/o: coccyx
- cortic/o: outer portion
- cost/o: rib
- crani/o: skull
- metacarp/o: metacarpals
- patell/o: patella
- ped/o: foot
- pelv/o: pelvis
- vertebr/o: vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- arthralgia: joint pain
- arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
- arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
- arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
- arthrogram: record of a joint
- arthritis: joint inflammation
- arthrotomy: incision into a joint
- arthroscope: instrument to view joint
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
- bursitis: inflammation of bursa
- chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
- chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
- chondroma: cartilage tumor
- chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
- intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
- craniotomy: incision into the skull
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
- myeloma: red bone marrow tumor
Word Building with oste/o
- ostealgia: bone pain
- osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
- osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
- osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
- osteotomy: incision into bone
- osteopathy: bone disease
- osteotome: instrument to cut bone
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
- synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
- intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac: ilium
- ischial: ischium
- carpal: carpus
- metacarpal: metacarpus
- cervical: neck
- metatarsal: metatarsus
- costal: rib
- radial: radius
- cranial: cranium
- sacral: sacrum
- femoral: femur
- sternal: sternum
- humeral: humerus
- tarsal: tarsus
- tibial: tibia
- ulnar: ulna
- clavicular: clavicle
- maxillary: maxilla
- fibular: fibula
- coccygeal: coccyx
- lumbar: low back
- phalangeal: phalanges
- mandibular: mandible
- pelvic: pelvis
- patellar: patella
- pubic: pubis
- scapular: scapula
- thoracic: thorax
The ilium, ischium, and pubis
- The ilium is the largest and most superior part of the hip bone.
- The ischium is a paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone along with the ilium and pubis.
- The metacarpus is a group of five bones in the hand, located between the phalanges and the carpus.
- The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones (near the ankle) and the phalanges (toe bones).
The radius and ulna
- The radius and ulna are the long bones that make up the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
The sacrum
- The sacrum is a bone made up of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine. It forms the link between the spine and the iliac bones.
The femur, humerus, and sternum
- The femur is the strongest and longest bone in the body, found in the lower limb between the hip and knee joints.
- The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It has a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end containing important anatomical landmarks.
- The sternum is the bone found in the anterior midline of the thorax.
The tarsus
- The tarsus consists of 7 bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot, with the talus forming part of the ankle joint.
The tibia, ulna, and clavicle
- The tibia is a long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula.
- The ulna is a long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
- The clavicle is an elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage.
The maxilla, coccyx, and phalanges
- The maxilla forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth, contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
- The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the bottom part of the vertebral column, consisting of several small, fused bones.
- The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and toes. Each finger and toe has three phalanges, except for the thumb and big toe, which only have two.
The pelvis and pubis
- The pelvis forms the base of the spine and supports internal organs, while transferring weight to the lower limbs.
- The pubis, part of the pelvis located in the front, contributes to the pelvic cavity and supports the reproductive organs.
The thorax
- The thorax, also known as the chest region, contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs. It is a key part of the upper torso's skeletal structure.
Abnormal spinal curvatures
- Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are abnormal spinal curvatures.
Muscular System
- The muscular system is composed of muscles, which contract or shorten in length to produce movement.
Combining Forms related to the Muscular System
- fasci/o: fibrous band
- fibr/o: fibers
- kinesi/o: movement
- muscul/o: muscle
- my/o: muscle
- myocardi/o: heart muscle
- myos/o: muscle
- plant/o: sole of foot
- ten/o: tendon
- tend/o: tendon
- tendin/o: tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: weakness
- –kinesia: movement
- –tonia: tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: away from
- ad–: towards
- circum–: around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body
- Flexion: act of bending or being bent
- Extension: bringing a limb into a straight condition
- Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the foot
- Plantar flexion: bending the sole of the foot; pointing toes
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- fascial: pertaining to fascia
- fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
- fasciotomy: incision into fascia
- kinesiology: study of movement
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- muscular: pertaining to muscles
- polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles
Word Building with my/o
- myalgia: muscle pain
- myasthenia: muscle weakness
- electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
- myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
- myopathy: muscle disease
- myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
- myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
- myorrhexis: muscle rupture
Word Building with –kinesia
- bradykinesia: slow movement
- dyskinesia: difficult movement
- hyperkinesia: excessive movement
- hypokinesia: insufficient movement
Word Building with –tonia
- atonia: lack of tone
- dystonia: abnormal tone
- hypertonia: excessive tone
- hypotonia: insufficient tone
- myotonia: muscle tone
Skeletal System
- Organs: Bones and Joints
-
Functions:
- Provides internal framework for the body
- Supports the body
- Protects internal organs
- Point of attachment for muscles
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o: Stiff joint
- arthr/o: Joint
- carp/o: Wrist
- cervic/o: Neck
- myel/o: Bone marrow
- orth/o: Straight
- oste/o: Bone
- chondr/o: Cartilage
- clavicul/o: Clavicle
- coccyg/o: Coccyx
- cortic/o: Outer portion
- cost/o: Rib
- crani/o: Skull
- metacarp/o: Metacarpals
- patell/o: Patella
- ped/o: Foot
- pelv/o: Pelvis
- vertebr/o: Vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- -algia: Joint pain (arthralgia)
- -centesis: Puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint (arthrocentesis)
- -clasia: Surgically break a joint (arthroclasia)
- -desis: Fusion of a joint (arthrodesis)
- -gram: Record of a joint (arthrogram)
- -itis: Joint inflammation (arthritis)
- -otomy: Incision into a joint (arthrotomy)
- -scope: Instrument to view a joint (arthroscope)
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- -ectomy: Surgical removal of bursa (bursectomy)
- -itis: Inflammation of bursa (bursitis)
- -ectomy: Surgical removal of cartilage (chondrectomy)
- -malacia: Softening of cartilage (chondromalacia)
- -oma: Cartilage tumor (chondroma)
- -plasty: Surgical repair of cartilage (chondroplasty)
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- -al: Pertaining to the outer portion (cortical)
- intra– -al: Pertaining to inside the skull (intracranial)
- –otomy: Incision into the skull (craniotomy)
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- –ary: Pertaining to the inner portion (medullary)
- –oma: Red bone marrow tumor (myeloma)
Word Building with oste/o
- -algia: Bone pain (ostealgia)
- chondr/o – oma: Bone and cartilage tumor (osteochondroma)
- -clasia: Surgically break a bone (osteoclasia)
- myel/o –itis: Bone and bone marrow inflammation (osteomyelitis)
- -otomy: Incision into bone (osteotomy)
- -pathy: Bone disease (osteopathy)
- -tome: Instrument to cut bone (osteotome)
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- –itis: Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis)
- -ectomy: Surgical removal of synovial membrane (synovectomy)
- inter– -al: Pertaining to between vertebrae (intervertebral)
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
-
iliac: Ilium
-
ischial: Ischium
-
carpal: Carpus
-
metacarpal: Metacarpus
-
cervical: Neck
-
metatarsal: Metatarsus
-
costal: Rib
-
radial: Radius
-
cranial: Cranium
-
sacral: Sacrum
-
femoral: Femur
-
sternal: Sternum
-
humeral: Humerus
-
tarsal: Tarsus
-
tibial: Tibia
-
ulnar: Ulna
-
clavicular: Clavicle
-
maxillary: Maxilla
-
fibular: Fibula
-
coccygeal: Coccyx
-
lumbar: Low back
-
phalangeal: Phalanges
-
mandibular: Mandible
-
pelvic: Pelvis
-
patellar: Patella
-
pubic: Pubis
-
scapular: Scapula
-
thoracic: Thorax
-
Ilium: One of the three bony components of the hip bone
-
Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone with the ilium and pubis
-
Metacarpus: Group of five bones in the hand between the phalanges and the carpus
-
Metatarsus: Group of five long bones in the foot between the tarsal bones and the phalanges
-
Radius: Long bone of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist
-
Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone, made up of five fused vertebrae
-
Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body, located between the hip and knee joints
-
Sternum: Bone in the anterior midline of the thorax
-
Tarsus: Seven bones forming the posterior aspect of the foot
-
Tibia: Long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula
-
Ulna: Long bone of the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist
-
Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage
-
Fibula: Slender, cylindrical bone located on the posterior portion of the leg
-
Lumbar spine: located in the lower half of the vertebral column
-
Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton, the only mobile bone in the skull
-
Patella: Kneecap, protects the knee joint from damage
-
Scapula: Shoulder blade, flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk
-
Thorax: Chest region containing the ribs, protecting the heart and lungs
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated outward curve of the spine
- Lordosis: Exaggerated inward curve of the spine
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine
Muscular System
- Organs: Muscles
-
Functions:
- Muscle cells contract and shorten in length
- This shortening produces movement
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o: Fibrous band
- fibr/o: Fibers
- kinesi/o: Movement
- muscul/o: Muscle
- my/o: Muscle
- myocardi/o: Heart muscle
- myos/o: Muscle
- plant/o: Sole of foot
- ten/o: Tendon
- tend/o: Tendon
- tendin/o: Tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: Weakness
- –kinesia: Movement
- –tonia: Tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: Away from
- ad–: Towards
- circum–: Around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body
- Flexion: Act of bending or being bent
- Extension: Straightening a joint
- Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot
- Plantar flexion: Bending the sole of the foot; pointing the toes
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- –al: Pertaining to fascia (fascial )
- –itis: Inflammation of fascia (fasciitis)
- –otomy: Incision into fascia (fasciotomy)
- –logy: Study of movement (kinesiology)
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- –ar: Pertaining to muscles (muscular)
- poly– –itis: Inflammation of many muscles (polymyositis)
Word Building with my/o
- –algia: Muscle pain (myalgia)
- –asthenia: Muscle weakness (myasthenia)
- electr/o –gram: Record of muscle electricity (electromyogram)
- cardi/o –al: Pertaining to heart muscle (myocardial)
- –pathy: Muscle disease (myopathy)
- –plasty: Surgical repair of muscle (myoplasty)
- –rrhaphy: Suture a muscle (myorrhaphy)
- –rrhexis: Muscle rupture (myorrhexis)
Word Building with –kinesia
- brady–: Slow movement (bradykinesia)
- dys–: Difficult movement (dyskinesia)
- hyper–: Excessive movement (hyperkinesia)
- hypo–: Insufficient movement (hypokinesia)
Word Building with –tonia
- a–: Lack of tone (atonia)
- dys–: Abnormal tone (dystonia)
- hyper–: Excessive tone (hypertonia)
- hypo–: Insufficient tone (hypotonia)
- my/o: Muscle tone (myotonia)
Skeletal System
- Refers to bones and joints.
- Provides internal framework for the body.
- Supports the body.
- Protects internal organs.
- Serves as a point of attachment for muscles.
- Produces blood cells.
- Stores minerals.
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o: Stiff joint.
- arthr/o: Joint.
- carp/o: Wrist.
- cervic/o: Neck.
- myel/o: Bone marrow.
- orth/o: Straight.
- oste/o: Bone.
- chondr/o: Cartilage.
- clavicul/o: Clavicle.
- coccyg/o: Coccyx.
- cortic/o: Outer portion.
- cost/o: Rib.
- crani/o: Skull.
- metacarp/o: Metacarpals.
- patell/o: Patella.
- ped/o: Foot.
- pelv/o: Pelvis.
- vertebr/o: Vertebra.
Word Building with arthr/o
- –algia: arthralgia - Joint pain.
- –centesis: arthrocentesis - Puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint.
- –clasia: arthroclasia - Surgically breaking a joint.
- –desis: arthrodesis - Fusion of a joint.
- –gram: arthrogram - Record of a joint.
- –itis: arthritis - Joint inflammation.
- –otomy: arthrotomy - Incision into a joint.
- –scope: arthroscope - Instrument to view a joint.
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- –ectomy: bursectomy - Surgical removal of bursa.
- –itis: bursitis - Inflammation of bursa.
- –ectomy: chondrectomy - Surgical removal of cartilage.
- –malacia: chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage.
- –oma: chondroma - Cartilage tumor.
- –plasty: chondroplasty - Surgical repair of cartilage.
Word Building with cortic/o & crani/o
- –al: cortical - Pertaining to the outer portion.
- intra– –al: intracranial - Pertaining to inside the skull.
- –otomy: craniotomy - Incision into the skull.
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- –ary: medullary - Pertaining to the inner portion.
- –oma: myeloma - Red bone marrow tumor.
Word Building with oste/o
- –algia: ostealgia - Bone pain.
- chondr/o –oma: osteochondroma - Bone and cartilage tumor.
- –clasia: osteoclasia - Surgically breaking a bone.
- myel/o –itis: osteomyelitis - Bone and bone marrow inflammation.
- –otomy: osteotomy - Incision into bone.
- –pathy: osteopathy - Bone disease.
- –tome: osteotome - Instrument to cut bone.
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- –itis: synovitis - Inflammation of synovial membrane.
- –ectomy: synovectomy - Surgical removal of synovial membrane.
- inter– –al: intervertebral - Pertaining to between vertebrae.
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac: ilium
- ischial: ischium
- carpal: carpus
- metacarpal: metacarpus
- cervical: neck
- metatarsal: metatarsus
- costal: rib
- radial: radius
- cranial: cranium
- sacral: sacrum
- femoral: femur
- sternal: sternum
- humeral: humerus
- tarsal: tarsus
- tibial: tibia
- ulnar: ulna
- clavicular: clavicle
- maxillary: maxilla
- fibular: fibula
- lumbar: low back
- mandibular: mandible
- patellar: patella
- scapular: scapula
- thoracic: thorax
- phalangeal: phalanges
- pelvic: pelvis
- pubic: pubis
- coccygeal: coccyx
Bones of the body - key facts
- Ilium: One of the three bony components of the hip bone, forming the most superior and largest part.
- Ischium: Paired bone of the pelvis, forming the hip bone along with the ilium and pubis.
- Metacarpus: Group of five bones in the hand, located between the phalanges and the carpus.
- Metatarsals: Group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones (near the ankle) and the phalanges (toe bones).
- Radius and Ulna: Long bones that make up the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
- Sacrum: Irregularly shaped bone, made up of five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
- Femur: Strongest and longest bone in the body, located in the lower limb, between the hip and knee joints.
- Humerus: Longest and largest bone of the upper limb, consisting of a proximal end, a shaft, and a distal end.
- Sternum: Bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, forming the front of the rib cage.
- Tarsus: Consists of seven bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot.
- Tibia: Long bone of the leg, found medial to the fibula (shin bone).
- Ulna: Long bone in the forearm, located next to the radius, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
- Maxilla: Bone that forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth, contributing to the nasal cavity and eye sockets.
- Coccyx: Tailbone, formed by several small, fused bones at the bottom of the vertebral column, supporting weight while sitting.
- Phalanges: Bones that make up the fingers and toes, typically three per finger and toe, except for the thumb and big toe, which have two.
- Pelvis: Forms the base of the spine, supports internal organs, and transfers body weight to the lower limbs.
- Pubis: Part of the pelvis, located in the front, forming part of the pelvic cavity and supporting the reproductive organs.
- Thorax: Chest region, contains the ribs, which protect the heart and lungs, forming a key part of the upper torso skeletal structure.
- Clavicle: Elongated, S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the rib cage.
- Fibula: Slender, cylindrical leg bone found on the posterior portion of the limb, located next to the tibia.
- Lumbar spine: Located in the lower vertebral column.
- Mandible: Largest bone of the facial skeleton and the only mobile bone in the skull.
- Patella: Kneecap, sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage.
- Scapula: Shoulder blade, flat, triangular bone located at the back of the trunk over the ribs.
- Cranium: Part of the skull anatomy, composed of eight cranial bones along with fourteen facial bones. The two main parts are the cranial roof and cranial base.
Muscular System
- Refers to the muscles.
- Composed of individual cells that can contract or shorten in length.
- Shortening of muscles produces movement.
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o: Fibrous band.
- fibr/o: Fibers.
- kinesi/o: Movement.
- muscul/o: Muscle.
- my/o: Muscle.
- myocardi/o: Heart muscle.
- myos/o: Muscle.
- plant/o: Sole of foot.
- ten/o: Tendon.
- tend/o: Tendon.
- tendin/o: Tendon.
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: Weakness.
- –kinesia: Movement.
- –tonia: Tone.
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: Away from.
- ad–: Towards.
- circum–: Around.
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.
- Flexion: Act of bending or being bent.
- Extension: Brings a limb into a straight condition.
- Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of the foot.
- Plantar Flexion: Bending the sole of the foot; pointing the toes.
Word Building with fasci/o & kinesi/o
- –al: fascial - Pertaining to fascia.
- –itis: fasciitis - Inflammation of fascia.
- –otomy: fasciotomy - Incision into fascia.
- –logy: kinesiology - Study of movement.
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- –ar: muscular - Pertaining to muscles.
- poly– –itis: polymyositis - Inflammation of many muscles.
Word Building with my/o
- –algia: myalgia - Muscle pain.
- –asthenia: myasthenia - Muscle weakness.
- electr/o –gram: electromyogram - Record of muscle electricity.
- cardi/o –al: myocardial - Pertaining to heart muscle.
- –pathy: myopathy - Muscle disease.
- –plasty: myoplasty - Surgical repair of muscle.
- –rrhaphy: myorrhaphy - Suture a muscle.
- –rrhexis: myorrhexis - Muscle rupture.
Word Building with –kinesia
- brady–: bradykinesia - Slow movement.
- dys–: dyskinesia - Difficult movement.
- hyper–: hyperkinesia - Excessive movement.
- hypo–: hypokinesia - Insufficient movement.
Word Building with –tonia
- a–: atonia - Lack of tone.
- dys–: dystonia - Abnormal tone.
- hyper–: hypertonia - Excessive tone.
- hypo–: hypotonia - Insufficient tone.
- my/o: myotonia - Muscle tone.
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system is responsible for providing an internal framework for the body.
- It supports the body and protects internal organs.
- Muscles attach to bones for movement.
- Bones produce blood cells and store minerals.
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o refers to stiff joints.
- arthr/o refers to joints.
- carp/o refers to the wrist.
- cervic/o refers to the neck.
- myel/o refers to bone marrow.
- orth/o refers to straight.
- oste/o refers to bones.
- chondr/o refers to cartilage.
- clavicul/o refers to the clavicle.
- coccyg/o refers to the coccyx.
- cortic/o refers to the outer portion.
- cost/o refers to ribs.
- crani/o refers to the skull.
- metacarp/o refers to metacarpals.
- patell/o refers to the patella.
- ped/o refers to the foot.
- pelv/o refers to the pelvis.
- vertebr/o refers to vertebrae.
Word building with arthr/o
- arthralgia means joint pain.
- arthrocentesis is the puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid.
- arthroclasia means surgically breaking a joint.
- arthrodesis is the fusion of a joint.
- arthrogram means a record of a joint.
- arthritis means joint inflammation.
- arthrotomy means incision into a joint.
- arthroscope is an instrument for viewing a joint.
Word building with burs/o & chondr/o
- bursectomy means surgical removal of a bursa.
- bursitis is inflammation of a bursa.
- chondrectomy is the surgical removal of cartilage.
- chondromalacia means softening of cartilage.
- chondroma is a cartilage tumor.
- chondroplasty is surgical repair of cartilage.
Word building with cortic/o & crani/o
- cortical means pertaining to the outer portion.
- intracranial means pertaining to inside the skull.
- craniotomy means incision into the skull.
Word building with medull/o & myel/o
- medullary means pertaining to the inner portion.
- myeloma is a red bone marrow tumor.
Word building with oste/o
- ostealgia means bone pain.
- osteochondroma is a bone and cartilage tumor.
- osteoclasia means surgically breaking a bone.
- osteomyelitis means inflammation of bone and bone marrow.
- osteotomy means incision into bone.
- osteopathy means bone disease.
- osteotome is an instrument for cutting bone.
Word building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- synovitis means inflammation of the synovial membrane.
- synovectomy is the surgical removal of the synovial membrane.
- intervertebral means pertaining to between the vertebrae.
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac refers to the ilium.
- ischial refers to the ischium.
- carpal refers to the carpus.
- metacarpal refers to the metacarpus.
- cervical refers to the neck.
- metatarsal refers to the metatarsus.
- costal refers to ribs.
- radial refers to the radius.
- cranial refers to the cranium.
- sacral refers to the sacrum.
- femoral refers to the femur.
- sternal refers to the sternum.
- humeral refers to the humerus.
- tarsal refers to the tarsus.
Bones of the Axial skeleton
- Bones of the skull are part of the axial skeleton.
Specific Bones
- Ilium is part of the hip bone.
- Ischium is part of the hip bone.
- Metacarpus refers to the five bones of the hand between the phalanges and carpus.
- Metatarsus refers to the five long bones in the foot.
- Radius and ulna make up the forearm.
- Sacrum is a bone made out of five fused vertebrae.
- Femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.
- Humerus is the longest bone of the upper limb.
- Sternum is located in the anterior midline of the thorax.
- Tarsus is made up of 7 bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot.
- Tibia is a long bone of the leg.
- Ulna is a long bone in the forearm.
- Maxilla forms the upper jaw.
- Coccyx is also known as the tailbone.
- Phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and toes.
- Pelvis is the base of the spine.
- Pubis is part of the pelvis.
- Scapula is also known as the shoulder blade.
- Thorax is also known as the chest region.
- Mandible is the largest bone in the facial skeleton.
- Patella is also known as the kneecap.
- Clavicle is an S-shaped bone in the upper part of the rib cage.
- Fibula is located on the posterior portion of the limb.
- Lumbar spine is located in the lower half of the vertebral column.
- Tibial refers to the tibia.
- Ulnar refers to the ulna.
- Clavicular refers to the clavicle.
- Fibular refers to the fibula.
- Lumbar refers to the low back.
- Mandibular refers to the mandible.
- Patellar refers to the patella.
- Scapular refers to the scapula.
- Thoracic refers to the thorax.
- Phalangeal refers to the phalanges.
- Pelvic refers to the pelvis.
- Pubic refers to the pubis.
- Coccygeal refers to the coccyx.
- Maxillary refers to the maxilla.
Abnormal spinal curvatures
- Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are abnormal spinal curvatures.
Muscular System
- The muscular system consists of muscles.
- Muscles contract and shorten in length, thereby producing movement.
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o refers to fibrous bands.
- fibr/o refers to fibers.
- kinesi/o refers to movement.
- muscul/o refers to muscle.
- my/o refers to muscle.
- myocardi/o refers to heart muscle.
- myos/o refers to muscle.
- plant/o refers to the sole of the foot.
- ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o refer to tendons.
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia refers to weakness.
- –kinesia refers to movement.
- –tonia refers to tone.
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab– means away from.
- ad– means towards.
- circum– means around.
Movement Terminology
- Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction is movement towards the midline of the body.
- Flexion is the act of bending or being bent.
- Extension happens when a limb is brought into a straight condition.
- Dorsiflexion is the backward bending of the foot.
- Plantar flexion is the bending of the sole of the foot.
Word building with fasci/o & kinesi/o
- fascial means pertaining to fascia.
- fasciitis is inflammation of fascia.
- fasciotomy means incision into fascia.
- kinesiology is the study of movement.
Word building with muscul/o & myos/o
- muscular means pertaining to muscles.
- polymyositis is inflammation of many muscles.
Word Building with my/o
- myalgia means muscle pain.
- myasthenia means muscle weakness.
- electromyogram is a record of muscle electricity.
- myocardial means pertaining to heart muscle.
- myopathy means muscle disease.
- myoplasty is a surgical repair of muscle.
- myorrhaphy means suturing a muscle.
- myorrhexis means muscle rupture.
Word building with –kinesia
- bradykinesia means slow movement.
- dyskinesia means difficult movement.
- hyperkinesia means excessive movement.
- hypokinesia means insufficient movement.
Word building with –tonia
- atonia means lack of tone.
- dystonia means abnormal tone.
- hypertonia means excessive tone.
- hypotonia means insufficient tone.
- myotonia means muscle tone.
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o: stiff joint
- arthr/o: joint
- carp/o: wrist
- cervic/o: neck
- myel/o: bone marrow
- orth/o: straight
- oste/o: bone
- chondr/o: cartilage
- clavicul/o: clavicle
- coccyg/o: coccyx
- cortic/o: outer portion
- cost/o: rib
- crani/o: skull
- metacarp/o: metacarpals
- patell/o: patella
- ped/o: foot
- pelv/o: pelvis
- vertebr/o: vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- arthralgia: joint pain
- arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
- arthroclasia: surgically break a joint
- arthrodesis: fusion of a joint
- arthrogram: record of a joint
- arthritis joint inflammation
- arthrotomy: incision into a joint
- arthroscope: instrument to view joint
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- bursectomy: surgical removal of bursa
- bursitis: inflammation of bursa
- chondrectomy: surgical removal of cartilage
- chondromalacia: softening of cartilage
- chondroma: cartilage tumor
- chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- cortical: pertaining to the outer portion
- intracranial: pertaining to inside the skull
- craniotomy: incision into the skull
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- medullary: pertaining to the inner portion
- myeloma: red bone marrow tumor
Word Building with oste/o
- ostealgia: bone pain
- osteochondroma: bone and cartilage tumor
- osteoclasia: surgically break a bone
- osteomyelitis: bone and bone marrow inflammation
- osteotomy: incision into bone
- osteopathy: bone disease
- osteotome: instrument to cut bone
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane
- synovectomy: surgical removal of synovial membrane
- intervertebral: pertaining to between vertebrae
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac: ilium
- ischial: ischium
- carpal: carpus
- metacarpal: metacarpus
- cervical: neck
- metatarsal: metatarsus
- costal: rib
- radial: radius
- cranial: cranium
- sacral: sacrum
- femoral: femur
- sternal: sternum
- humeral: humerus
- tarsal: tarsus
- tibial: tibia
- ulnar: ulna
- clavicular: clavicle
- maxillary: maxilla
- fibular: fibula
- coccygeal: coccyx
- lumbar: low back
- phalangeal: phalanges
- mandibular: mandible
- pelvic: pelvis
- patellar: patella
- pubic: pubis
- scapular: scapula
- thoracic: thorax
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o: fibrous band
- fibr/o: fibers
- kinesi/o: movement
- muscul/o: muscle
- my/o: muscle
- myocardi/o: heart muscle
- myos/o: muscle
- plant/o: sole of foot
- ten/o: tendon
- tend/o: tendon
- tendin/o: tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: weakness
- –kinesia: movement
- –tonia: tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: away from
- ad–: towards
- circum–: around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: movement away from midline of body
- Adduction: movement toward midline of body
- Flexion: act of bending or being bent
- Extension: brings limb into a straight condition
- Dorsiflexion: backward bending of foot
- Plantar flexion: bending sole of foot; pointing toes
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- fascial: pertaining to fascia
- fasciitis: inflammation of fascia
- fasciotomy: incision into fascia
- kinesiology: study of movement
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- muscular: pertaining to muscles
- polymyositis: inflammation of many muscles
Word Building with my/o
- myalgia: muscle pain
- myasthenia: muscle weakness
- electromyogram: record of muscle electricity
- myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle
- myopathy: muscle disease
- myoplasty: surgical repair of muscle
- myorrhaphy: suture a muscle
- myorrhexis: muscle rupture
Word Building with –kinesia
- bradykinesia: slow movement
- dyskinesia: difficult movement
- hyperkinesia: excessive movement
- hypokinesia: insufficient movement
Word Building with –tonia
- atonia: lack of tone
- dystonia: abnormal tone
- hypertonia: excessive tone
- hypotonia: insufficient tone
- myotonia: muscle tone
Skeletal System Combining Forms
- ankyl/o - stiff joint
- arthr/o - joint
- carp/o - wrist
- cervic/o - neck
- myel/o - bone marrow
- orth/o - straight
- oste/o - bone
- chondr/o - cartilage
- clavicul/o - clavicle
- coccyg/o - coccyx
- cortic/o - outer portion
- cost/o - rib
- crani/o - skull
- metacarp/o - metacarpals
- patell/o - patella
- ped/o - foot
- pelv/o - pelvis
- vertebr/o - vertebra
Word Building with arthr/o
- –algia: arthralgia - joint pain
- –centesis: arthrocentesis - puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
- –clasia: arthrolasia - surgically break a joint
- –desis: arthrodesis - fusion of a joint
- –gram: arthrogram - record of a joint
- –itis: arthritis - joint inflammation
- –otomy: arthrotomy - incision into a joint
- –scope: arthroscope - instrument to view joint
Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o
- –ectomy: bursectomy - surgical removal of bursa
- –itis: bursitis - inflammation of bursa
- –ectomy: chondrectomy - surgical removal of cartilage
- –malacia: chondromalacia - softening of cartilage
- –oma: chondroma - cartilage tumor
- –plasty: chondroplasty - surgical repair of cartilage
Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o
- –al: cortical - pertaining to the outer portion
- intra– –al: intracranial - pertaining to inside the skull
- –otomy: craniotomy - incision into the skull
Word Building with medull/o & myel/o
- –ary: medullary - pertaining to the inner portion
- –oma: myeloma - red bone marrow tumor
Word Building with oste/o
- –algia: ostealgia - bone pain
- chondr/o –oma: osteochondroma - bone and cartilage tumor
- –clasia: osteoclasia - surgically break a bone
- myel/o –itis: osteomyelitis - bone and bone marrow inflammation
- –otomy: osteotomy - incision into bone
- –pathy: osteopathy - bone disease
- –tome: osteotome - instrument to cut bone
Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o
- –itis: synovitis - inflammation of synovial membrane
- –ectomy: synovectomy - surgical removal of synovial membrane
- inter– –al: intervertebral - pertaining to between vertebrae
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
- iliac: ilium - one of three bony components of the hip bone
- ischial: ischium - paired bone of the pelvis
- carpal: carpus - eight small bones located in the wrist
- metacarpal: metacarpus - five bones of the hand between phalanges and carpus
- cervical: neck - joins head to shoulder
- costal: rib - form the thoracic cage
- cranial: cranium - part of the skull
- femoral: femur - strongest and longest bone in the body
- humeral: humerus - longest and largest bone in the upper limb
- tarsal: tarsus - seven bones that form the posterior aspect of the foot
- tibial: tibia - long bone in the leg located medially to fibula
- ulnar: ulna - one of the long bones in the forearm next to radius
- clavicular: clavicle - elongated bone that rests horizontally at the sternum
- fibular: fibula - slender bone located on the posterior portion of the leg
- lumbar: lower back - portion of the vertebral column
- mandibular: mandible - largest bone of the facial skeleton
- patellar: patella - kneecap
- scapular: scapula - shoulder blade
- maxillary: maxilla - upper jaw
- coccygeal: coccyx - tailbone, bottom part of the vertebral column
- phalangeal: phalanges - bones that make up fingers and toes
- pelvic: pelvis - base of spine and supports internal organs
- pubic: pubis - part of the pelvis, located in the front and forms part of the pelvic cavity
- thoracic: thorax - chest region, contains the ribs
Muscular System Combining Forms
- fasci/o: fibrous band
- fibr/o: fibers
- kinesi/o: movement
- muscul/o: muscle
- my/o: muscle
- myocardi/o: heart muscle
- myos/o: muscle
- plant/o: sole of the foot
- ten/o: tendon
- tend/o: tendon
- tendin/o: tendon
Muscular System Suffixes
- –asthenia: weakness
- –kinesia: movement
- –tonia: tone
Muscular System Prefixes
- ab–: away from
- ad–: towards
- circum–: around
Movement Terminology
- Abduction: movement away from midline of body
- Adduction: movement towards midline of body
- Flexion: act of bending or being bent
- Extension: brings limb into a straight condition
- Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the foot
- Plantar flexion: bending sole of foot; pointing toes
Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
- –al: fascial - pertaining to fascia
- –itis: fasciitis - inflammation of fascia
- –otomy: fasciotomy - incision into fascia
- –logy: kinesiology - study of movement
Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
- –ar: muscular - pertaining to muscles
- poly– –itis: polymyositis - inflammation of many muscles
Word Building with my/o
- –algia: myalgia - muscle pain
- –asthenia: myasthenia - muscle weakness
- electr/o –gram: electromyogram - record of muscle electricity
- cardi/o –al: myocardial - pertaining to heart muscle
- –pathy: myopathy - muscle disease
- –plasty: myoplasty - surgical repair of muscle
- –rrhaphy: myorrhaphy - suture a muscle
- –rrhexis: myorrhexis - muscle rupture
Word Building with –kinesia
- brady–: bradykinesia - slow movement
- dys–: dyskinesia - difficult movement
- hyper–: hyperkinesia - excessive movement
- hypo–: hypokinesia - insufficient movement
Word Building with –tonia
- a–: atonia - lack of tone
- dys–: dystonia - abnormal tone
- hyper–: hypertonia - excessive tone
- hypo–: hypotonia - insufficient tone
- my/o: myotonia - muscle tone
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Description
Explore the essential components and terminology of the skeletal system in this quiz. Learn about the organs involved, their functions, and different combining forms related to bones and joints. Test your understanding of skeletal terms and their meanings.