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Questions and Answers
Which part of the skeleton is primarily composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage?
Which part of the skeleton is primarily composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage?
What is the main function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What is the main function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What process describes the continuous breakdown of bone tissue to allow for reshaping and repair?
What process describes the continuous breakdown of bone tissue to allow for reshaping and repair?
Which joint type is characterized as an immovable joint, such as those found in the skull?
Which joint type is characterized as an immovable joint, such as those found in the skull?
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Which bones make up the upper extremities of the appendicular skeleton?
Which bones make up the upper extremities of the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the primary component that gives bone its strength?
What is the primary component that gives bone its strength?
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How many bones are typically present in the adult human skeleton?
How many bones are typically present in the adult human skeleton?
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Which division of the appendicular skeleton includes the femur and patella?
Which division of the appendicular skeleton includes the femur and patella?
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What type of bone formation begins before birth and continues into adulthood?
What type of bone formation begins before birth and continues into adulthood?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the primary function of synovial fluid in joints?
What is the primary function of synovial fluid in joints?
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Which type of joint is referred to as a diarthrosis?
Which type of joint is referred to as a diarthrosis?
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What type of connective tissue makes up ligaments?
What type of connective tissue makes up ligaments?
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What role do osteoclasts play in the skeletal system?
What role do osteoclasts play in the skeletal system?
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What characterizes a symphysis joint?
What characterizes a symphysis joint?
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Which part of the skeleton is made up of 80 bones?
Which part of the skeleton is made up of 80 bones?
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What is the primary function of tendons?
What is the primary function of tendons?
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What do you call the large ring of bone at the inferior trunk formed by two hip bones?
What do you call the large ring of bone at the inferior trunk formed by two hip bones?
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What is kyphosis?
What is kyphosis?
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Which term describes the formation of bone tissue?
Which term describes the formation of bone tissue?
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What type of joint exists between the skull bones?
What type of joint exists between the skull bones?
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Which of the following can lead to scoliosis?
Which of the following can lead to scoliosis?
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What characterizes osteoporosis?
What characterizes osteoporosis?
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What is the main purpose of bisphosphonates?
What is the main purpose of bisphosphonates?
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What does arthroplasty involve?
What does arthroplasty involve?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of joints due to uric acid deposits?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of joints due to uric acid deposits?
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What does osteomalacia involve?
What does osteomalacia involve?
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Which autoimmune disorder commonly results in joint inflammation?
Which autoimmune disorder commonly results in joint inflammation?
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What does arthrocentesis involve?
What does arthrocentesis involve?
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What is a common characteristic of rickets?
What is a common characteristic of rickets?
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Study Notes
Medical Terminology of Skeletal System
- The skeletal system forms the body's framework, protects vital organs, and works with the muscular system for movement.
- The adult human skeleton has 206 bones organized into two divisions: axial and appendicular.
Introduction
- The axial skeleton forms the central core ("axis") and includes the skull (8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones), the spinal column (26 vertebrae), and the rib cage.
- Cartilage disks between vertebrae provide strength and flexibility.
- The appendicular skeleton is attached to the axial skeleton and includes the upper (shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, upper extremities- humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) and lower (pelvic bones, lower extremities- femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges) divisions.
Bone Formation
- Most bone tissue forms gradually by adding calcium and phosphorus salts to cartilage.
- The ossification process, beginning before birth, continues throughout life.
- Collagen gives bone tissue strength, and bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) are constantly remodeling bone.
- Bone resorption destroys bone, allowing for its reuse in the circulatory system.
Joint Structure
- Joints (articulations) are classified by the degree of movement they allow.
- Sutures are immovable joints (e.g., skull bones).
- Symphyses are slightly movable joints (e.g., between vertebral bodies).
- Synovial (diarthrosis) joints are freely movable joints containing synovial fluid for cushioning and lubrication (e.g., elbow, hip).
- Tendons attach muscles to bones for movement.
Terminology Key Terms
| Normal Structure | Function |
|---|---|
| Bone | A calcified form of dense connective tissue |
| Bone Marrow | Soft material that fills bone cavities |
| Cartilage | Dense connective tissue found in the skeleton |
| Diarthrosis/Joint | A freely movable joint |
| Ligament | Strong band of connective tissue connecting bones |
| Ossification | Formation of bone tissue |
| Osteoblast | Cell that produces bone tissue |
| Osteoclast | Cell that destroys bone tissue |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue |
| Pelvis | Large ring of bone at the inferior trunk |
| Resorption | Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption |
Roots Pertaining to the Skeletal System
- (Table 5-1 shows roots for bones and joints) Roots are prefixes and suffixes that help understand medical terms.
- (Table 5-2 shows roots for the skeleton) e.g. cran/o = skull, vertebr/o = vertebra, cost/o = rib, sacr/o = sacrum.
Disorders of Skeletal System
-
Curvatures of the Spine:
- Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve.
- Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve.
- Scoliosis: sideways spine curvature.
- Other disorders: Arthritis (inflammation of a joint), fracture (break in a bone), gout (uric acid deposit in joints), osteoarthritis (joint cartilage deterioration), osteomalacia (bone softening), osteomyelitis (bone/bone marrow infection), osteoporosis (decreased bone density), Paget's disease (bone thickening), rheumatoid arthritis, rickets (faulty bone formation).
Treatment and Procedures
- Treatment and procedures: Alkaline phosphatase (enzyme needed for bone formation; used in diagnosis), arthrocentesis (aspiration in a joint), arthroplasty (partial or full joint replacement), arthroscopy (examining a joint interior), orthopedics (study and treatment of skeletal, muscle, and associated structures).
Drugs of Skeletal System
- Drugs for skeletal system: Anti-inflammatory agents (reduce inflammation - steroids/NSAIDs), bisphosphonates (treat osteoporosis), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (prevent bone loss).
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Description
Explore the key components and terminology of the skeletal system. This quiz covers the structure of bones, including the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as the process of bone formation. Test your knowledge of the vocabulary related to human anatomy and movement.
