Skeletal System & Human Movement

Physical Education (PE)

• PE is a school subject focused on developing physical fitness, motor skills, and knowledge of physical activities.
• The term "Physical Education" comes from the Latin words "Physica," meaning physics, and "educatio," signifying the training of bodily organs and power to promote heart health and vigor.

Legal Basis of Physical Education

• Article XIV, Section 19 of the Philippine Constitution mandates the promotion of physical education and encourages sports programs and competitions to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence.
• All educational institutions in the Philippines are required to undertake regular sports activities in cooperation with athletic clubs and sectors.
• SPORTS is a subject related to physical education and that is included in CHED MEMORANDUM and requires students to enroll in tertiary levels.

Physical Fitness

• Physical fitness combines medical fitness and the capacity for action.
• A physically fit individual is free from disease and capable of movement and activities like running or lifting weights.
• Physical fitness is essential for healthy growth and development consisting of skill and health-related fitness categories.

Components of Skill-Related Fitness

• Agility: The ability to change direction quickly.
• Speed: The ability to move the body quickly in a straight line.
• Balance: The ability to remain stable, even when moving.
• Coordination: The ability to use vision, touch, and muscle sense together.
• Power: The ability to release maximum strength.
• Reaction Time: The time it takes to make a physical response after perceiving the need to act.

Components of Health-Related Fitness

• Cardiovascular Fitness: The ability to exercise at an elevated heart rate for a designated time while providing enough oxygen to the body.
• Flexibility: The ability to move joints with ease through their normal range of motion.
• Endurance: The ability to exercise without tiring over a long period.
• Strength: The ability to exert force against resistance in a short amount of time.
• Body Composition: A state in which body fat ideally does not exceed 25% of total body composition.

General Principles of Exercise

• Overload Principle: The body must work above its normal activity level to benefit from exercise.
• Progression Principle: Exercise intensity and duration should increase as physical abilities improve, starting slowly and gradually applying overload.
• Specificity Principle: Using specific exercises to achieve specific rules.

Physical Activity Fitness Scene

• Since the early 1970s, there has been a growing interest in physical fitness in North America.
• 40% of Americans engaged in some form of physical activity every day in 1990, while 70% did so once a week.
• Similar activity levels have been reported for Canadians.
• In 2015, joggers participated in over 1,500 marathons, and more than 3 million Americans were involved in fitness activities.
• Swimming ranked as the highest reported fitness sport, with 32.8 million participants.
• Listed participation numbers:
  • Fishing: 24.3 million
  • Basketball: 10.7 million.
  • Running/Jogging: 10.6 million
  • Baseball/Softball: 6.2 million

Defining Biomechanics

• It is the study and science of how movement of a living body happens, including muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments
• The word Biomechanics is from ancient Greek: βίος "life," and μηχανική "Mechanics".
• Biomechanics is part of the larger field of Human Kinetics, and focuses on the mechanics of movement.
• Kinesiology means "to move" (Kinesis) and "to study" (ology).

Elements of Biomechanics

• Motion: Described as the movement of a body or an object across space, is a major element of motion involving speed and acceleration, described as the action or process of moving or being moved.
• Force: The push or pull that causes acceleration, deceleration, stopping, acceleration or change of direction, and represents the capacity to do work and cause physical change.
• Momentum: Defined as the product of an object's weight and its velocity during movement.
• Levers: Arms and legs function as levers with three parts: the resistance arm, the fulcrum, and the axis of rotation.
• Balance: Concept relating to stability.

Principles Used in Biomechanics

• Static: Forces associated with non-moving or nearly moving systems.
• Dynamics: Moving systems that undergo acceleration and deceleration.
• Kinematics: A branch of biomechanics that describes the motion of a body without regard to the forces that produce the motion.
• Kinetics: Examines the forces acting on the body during movement, considering motion in relation to time and forces.

Types of Fundamental Body Movements

• Locomotor Movements: Refer to the body's movement from one location to another.
  • Classified as even or irregular movements.
  • Even rhythmic movements include walking, running, hopping, leaping, and jumping.
  • Uneven rhythm movements consist of unequal actions and include skipping, galloping, and sliding.
• Non-locomotor Movements: Sometimes called axial movements, and include any movement that do not allow the body to travel.

Fundamental Movement Skills

• Particular skills that use different body parts, such as feet, legs, shoulders, body, head, arms, and hands.
• Provides a foundation for advanced skills needed for games, sports, and leisure activities.
• Categorized into object control skills, locomotor skills, and body management skills.
  • Body management skills involve balancing, maintaining equilibrium, postural control during motion and stillness.
  • Locomotor skills involve transporting the body from one point to another, including walking, running, jumping, hopping, galloping, marching, and skipping.
  • Object control skills require controlling implements such as ribbons, balls, bats, and hoops and use body parts like hands and feet.

Movement Concepts

• Body Awareness: Learning body parts and understanding their capabilities and movement.
• Spatial Awareness: Knowing the amount of space the body occupies and using the body in physical space.
• Directional Awareness: Understanding left and right, up and down, in and out, top and bottom, and front and back.
• Temporal Awareness: Developing an internal timing structure to recognize the relationship between between time and movement.
• Relationship Awareness: Paying attention to relationships and interpersonal motivations of themselves and others, creates mutually beneficial interactions (Elias H. Porter)

Movement Principles

• Posture: The position in which someone holds their body whether standing or sitting.
• Gesture: Using the body to convey emotions and ideas via expressive movements.
• Rhythm: Emphasis and pattern of beat.
• Breathing: Giving fluidity and harmony to a given movement using rhythm and inhalation and exhalation.

Human Movement

• Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body. Includes how muscles, bones, and ligaments work together to produce such movement.
• Includes the structure of muscles and bones during movement.

Fundamental Human Movements

• Pull: Motion of pulling a weight toward your body or your body towards your hands.
• Push: Opposes the pull motion involving the use of the upper body muscles to move things in various directions.
• Squat: Complex movement to target the glutes core, and hamstring msucle groups.
• Lunge: Linear stride to lower your back knee close to the ground accompanied with an upright torso
• Hinge: Bodyweight exercise or a variation like a deadlift, a bend to work your glutes hamstring, and lower back

More Fundamental Movements

• Rotation: Ability to twist at the core using oblique muscle groups.
• Gait: Is the technique of walking involving jogging, running or sprinting.

Basic Movements in Flexibility

• Flexion Bending of body segment.
• Extension Straightening of body segment.

More Basic Movements in Flexibility

• Abduction Moving a limp away from the body.
• Adduction is not in the information given.

All listed Flexibility body part movements

• Shoulder: Abduction, Adduction, Flexion, Extension, Internal Rotation, External Rotation.
• Hip: Abduction, Adduction, Flexion (straight leg), Extension (straight leg), Flexion (flex Knee), Extension (flex Knee), Internal Rotation, External Rotation.
• Knee: Extension, Flexion.
• Ankle: Dorsi Flexion, Plantar Flexion.
• Trunk: Flexion, Extension, Rotation.

Different Body Types

• Ectomorph Person: Characterized by slender bodies, narrow chests, long slender necks, short trunks, and long limbs. Has little fat, weak, thin muscles, and joints which can lead to poor posture, lack of body power and strength.
• Mesomorph Person: Muscular physic with strong limbs, large chest, and slender waist. They can carry huge weights and require strength, agility, power and endurance with moderate. Can carry huge weights
• Endomorph Person: Has excess body fat distribution, and lack of bony angularity because it has floopy muscles and rounded arms, trunks, legs, a doubled chin, and a short neck. They have full hips, abdomen, thighs buttocks and upper arms, with chests that can resemble a woman, and exercises frequently,

Components Of The Body That Cause Movement

• The skeletal is a body system composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments that are essential to the human body.
• Serves as a site for blood formation.
• Storehouse for calcium for nerve conduction, blood clotting and energy formation.
• Plays a role in immune fuinction. -Skelton system releases and stores minerals and fats
• Bone gives support, protects organs, locomotes and provide framework and shpe to the body..

The Skeleton is devided to two parts

• Appendicular skeleton: Upper and lower extremity.
• Axial skeleton: Composed of the skull, ribs, trunk, vertebral column and pelvis.

This quiz covers the primary functions of the skeletal system and its components, including the axial and appendicular skeletons. It also tests knowledge of biomechanics, human movement elements, and exercise principles, such as center of gravity and temporal awareness.