132 Questions
Which of the following bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum
The appendicular skeleton consists of 80 bones.
False
What are the six main functions of the skeletal system?
Support and structure, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage, and endocrine regulations
Tendons are connective tissue that connect __________________ to bone.
muscle
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Digestion of food
Match the following functions with their corresponding explanations:
Provides a framework for attachment of soft connective tissue, such as muscles. = 1 They protect internal organs; for example, the ribs protect the heart and lungs = 2 When muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement = 3 Stores calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed = 4 Yellow bone marrow is a stored source of lipids in the bones. = 5
The axial skeleton is essential for protecting vital organs.
True
What is the main purpose of the appendicular skeleton?
To facilitate locomotion and weight-bearing
What type of joint allows movement only on one axis, preventing rotation in other directions?
Hinge Joint
The wrist joint is an example of a ball and socket joint.
False
What is the main function of synovial joints in the body?
To provide movement and flexibility.
The joint between the radius, ulna, and carpal bones in the wrist is an example of a _______ joint.
condyloid
Which type of joint allows rotation along the long axis?
Pivot Joint
Synovial joints are less stable than other joint types.
False
What is the main difference between a ball and socket joint and a condyloid joint?
A ball and socket joint allows movement in multiple axes, while a condyloid joint restricts rotation due to its oval shape and ligaments.
Match the following joints with their characteristics:
Hinge Joint = Allows flexion and extension Pivot Joint = Allows rotation along the long axis Ball and Socket Joint = Allows movement in multiple axes Saddle Joint = Has a unique structure with a concave surface fitting a convex surface
The hip joint provides stability with a _______ socket.
deep
What is the name of the joint that allows gliding or rotating movements?
Plane Joint
What is the primary function of short bones?
Facilitating fine movements
Fibrous joints allow for a range of movement.
False
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
Provide protection and reduce friction and pressure
Long bones have a shaft () and two ends ().
diaphysis epiphyses
Match the following types of bones with their characteristics:
Long bones = Elongated cylindrical shape Short bones = Cube-shaped or roughly equal in length and width Flat bones = Thin, flattened, and often curved Irregular bones = No uniform shape
What is the most common type of joint?
Synovial joint
Cartilaginous joints allow for a range of movement.
False
What is the function of the synovial fluid in synovial joints?
Not mentioned in the content
The joint at the top of the vertebral column, which allows us to turn our heads from side to side, is an example of a _______ joint.
Pivot joint
Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in three planes?
Ball and socket joint
What type of joint allows for some rotation and gliding?
Plane joint
The anatomical position assumes that the body is in a sitting position.
False
What is the term for the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
The ___________ plane divides the body into left and right halves.
Sagittal
Match the following directional terms with their descriptions:
Superior = Towards the head Inferior = Towards the feet Anterior = Towards the front Posterior = Towards the back
What type of movement involves increasing the angle between two body parts?
Extension
The transverse plane divides the body into front and back halves.
False
What is the term for the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body?
Adduction
The ___________ joint is an example of a plane joint.
Acromioclavicular
What type of movement involves the rotation of a body part around its own axis?
Rotation
What is the primary function of the muscles in the body?
To facilitate movement
What is the primary function of muscles in movement?
To work together with bones and joints to allow movement of the body
Isometric contractions result in movement at the joint.
False
What is the process by which the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?
Respiration
Skeletal muscles are responsible for facial expressions.
True
The nose is the primary external opening for the __________________ system.
respiratory
What is the term for the heat production generated by muscle contractions?
Thermogenesis
Muscles protect internal organs and structures by surrounding and cushioning them, for example, the __________________ muscles protect the organs within the abdominal cavity.
abdominal
What type of contraction occurs when the muscle force is greater than the opposing force?
Concentric contraction
Isokinetic contractions require a special machine to maintain a constant energy output.
True
What type of muscle tissue is primarily attached to bones and moves the skeleton?
Skeletal muscle
What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
To close off the airway when swallowing
Voluntary muscles are muscles that contract without any conscious control.
False
What is the point of attachment of a muscle to a more stationary bone called?
Origin
The trachea is a tube composed of cartilage rings extending from the __________________ to the lungs.
larynx
Match the following types of muscle contractions with their definitions:
Concentric contraction = Muscle shortens during contraction, leading to movement at the joint. Eccentric contraction = Muscle lengthens while under tension. Isometric contraction = Muscle fibres are activated and develop force, but muscle length remains constant. Isokinetic contraction = Muscle contraction with a constant amount of energy throughout.
The number of muscles in the human body is approximately __________________.
600-650
The pharynx is a common pathway for air, food, and liquid.
True
Match the following types of muscle contractions with their descriptions:
Concentric = Muscle contracts and shortens Eccentric = Muscle lengthens while contracting Isometric = Muscle contracts without moving the joint
What is the purpose of tendons in movement?
To connect muscles to bones
What is the primary function of cartilage in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?
To keep the airway open
The diaphragm relaxes during inspiration.
False
What is the normal breathing rate in humans?
12 to 18 breaths per minute
What is the function of the tricuspid valve in the heart?
Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
The exchange of gases between the blood and air occurs in the ____________.
alveoli
The arteries have thicker walls than the veins.
True
What is the purpose of the mitral valve in the heart?
Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Match the following gases with their percentage in inhaled air:
Oxygen (O2) = 20.93% Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = 0.03% Nitrogen (N) and other gases = 79.04%
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the ________________ and back again.
lungs
Match the following vessels with their functions:
Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Return blood to the heart Capillaries = Exchange of oxygen and nutrients with the cells
The heart has three chambers.
False
The capillaries are the smallest vessels in the circulatory system.
False
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
To carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
The cardiac cycle is the process of the heart contracting rhythmically to pump ____________.
blood
What happens when we stop exercising suddenly?
Blood pooling occurs in the legs
What is the function of thrombocytes?
To rush to fix cuts
What is the main difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thicker walls and carry blood away from the heart, while veins have thinner walls and return blood to the heart.
The aorta is the largest ________________ in the body.
artery
The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.
False
What is the primary function of capillary exchange?
To exchange oxygen and nutrients with the cells
Pulmonary circulation is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the body tissues.
False
What is the term for the amount of blood the heart pumps out of the left ventricle in one minute?
Cardiac output
The highest pressure recorded when blood is forced into the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle is known as _______________ pressure.
systolic
What is the main factor that affects blood pressure?
All of the above
Arteriosclerosis leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
False
What is the term for the flow of blood from the body's veins back to the heart?
Venous return
The diameter of the blood vessels also affects blood flow through the vessels, with ___________________ of the vessels increasing resistance to blood flow.
narrowing
Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:
Capillaries = Exchange oxygen and nutrients with cells Arteries = Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body Veins = Return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart Venules = Collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries
Systemic circulation is connected to the right side of the heart.
False
What is the main function of the trachea in the bronchial tree?
To bring air down to the lungs
During exercise, the depth of breath and number of alveoli used for gas exchange decrease.
False
What is the role of haemoglobin in the respiratory system?
Haemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.
The bronchial tree consists of bronchi, bronchioles, and ______
alveoli
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange
The respiratory system helps maintain the body's pH balance by controlling levels of oxygen in the blood.
False
What is the process by which gas exchange occurs in the body tissues?
Diffusion
The respiratory system helps maintain the body's pH balance by controlling levels of ______ in the blood.
carbon dioxide
Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:
Trachea = Brings air down to the lungs Alveoli = Facilitates gas exchange Bronchi = Branches into smaller bronchioles Mucus = Traps and removes foreign particles
The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to the body tissues and removing carbon dioxide.
True
What is the recommended duration of exercise sessions in the target heart rate zone for individuals in good health?
20 to 30 minutes
Protein is a primary source of fuel for the aerobic system.
False
What is the minimal period required for adaptations to take place in exercise?
six weeks
The aerobic system adapts to increased demands by increasing _______________, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles.
breathing rate
Match the following types of exercise with their characteristics:
Continuous exercises = Most effective for aerobic fitness Running = Example of a continuous exercise Cycling = Example of a continuous exercise Swimming = Example of a continuous exercise
What is the ability to exercise for a long period of time without running out of breath or getting tired?
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Body composition is the amount of fat, bone, water, and muscle in the body.
True
What is the term for the ability to perform quickly an activity that requires strength?
Power
The ability to change and control the direction of your body while moving quickly is known as ______________.
agility
What is the primary purpose of physical fitness?
To improve overall health and ability to perform physical activity
All 11 fitness components are health-related.
False
Match the following fitness components with their descriptions:
Muscular Endurance = The ability of muscles to perform an activity for a long period of time without becoming fatigued Flexibility = The ability to move your joints through a full range of motion Body Composition = The amount of fat, bone, water, and muscle in the body Reaction Time = The time it takes for the brain to receive information and to send a message to the muscles to initiate movement
What is the term for the ability to perform a movement or to cover a distance in a minimum amount of time?
Speed
The ______________ principle is used to guide aerobic and anaerobic training.
FITT
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
To protect vital organs and enable movement
The deltoid muscle is responsible for flexion of the elbow.
False
What is the name of the microscopic sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide?
alveoli
The heart is a pump consisting of __________ chambers.
four
What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?
To circulate blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Blood pressure is measured using a stethoscope.
False
What is the term for the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels?
blood pressure
The __________ muscles are responsible for contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration.
intercostal
Match the following muscle contractions with their descriptions:
concentric = The muscle shortens while under tension eccentric = The muscle lengthens while under tension isometric = There is no change in length despite the muscle being under tension
Exercise has no immediate effect on the rate and depth of breathing.
False
What is the primary focus of aerobic training?
Developing cardiorespiratory endurance
Anaerobic training primarily uses the aerobic energy system.
False
What is the abbreviation FITT principle in aerobic training?
Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type
The FITT principle recommends training at least __________ times per week for improvements in aerobic training.
three
What is the purpose of target heart rate in aerobic training?
To measure the intensity of the workout
Synovial joints are more stable than other joint types.
False
What is the term for the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
Match the following energy systems with their characteristics:
Aerobic energy system = Uses oxygen for energy production Anaerobic energy system = Does not use oxygen for energy production Lactic acid energy system = A type of anaerobic energy system Alactacid energy system = A type of anaerobic energy system
The axial skeleton is essential for protecting vital __________.
organs
What is the primary function of the circulatory and respiratory systems in relation to movement?
To improve movement efficiency and performance
Study Notes
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system serves six main functions:
- Support and structure
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage
- Endocrine regulation
- The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, divided into:
- Axial skeleton (80 bones): head, neck, back, chest, and rib cage
- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones): upper and lower limbs, and girdles that attach these limbs to the axial skeleton
Bone Types
- There are five types of bones:
- Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus)
- Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
- Flat bones (e.g., skull, sternum, scapula)
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones)
- Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella, bones in hands and feet)
Joints
- There are three types of joints:
- Fibrous (fixed/immovable)
- Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
- Synovial (freely moveable)
- Synovial joints are the most common type and allow for a range of movement
- Examples of synovial joints:
- Hinge joints (e.g., knee, elbow, ankle)
- Ball and socket joints (e.g., hip, shoulder)
- Pivot joints (e.g., radioulnar, atlanto-axial)
- Gliding joints (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
- Saddle joints (e.g., carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular)
- Condyloid joints (e.g., radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal)
Muscle System
- The muscular system consists of approximately 600-650 muscles
- Muscles work together with bones and joints to allow movement
- Muscle functions:
- Movement
- Posture and stability
- Heat generation
- Protection
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Blood circulation
- Facial expressions
- There are three types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary)
- Smooth muscle (nonstriated, involuntary)
- Cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary)
Muscle Contraction
- Types of muscle contraction:
- Concentric (muscle shortens, leading to movement)
- Eccentric (muscle lengthens, often assisted by gravity)
- Isometric (muscle length remains constant, no movement)
- Isotonic contractions:
- Concentric isotonic contractions (muscle overcomes opposing force, shortens)
- Eccentric isotonic contractions (muscle force is less than opposing force, lengthens)
- Isokinetic contractions (constant amount of energy, tension and length change)
Tendons
- Tendons connect muscles to bones
- Tendons allow for movement by transmitting force from muscles to bones
Muscle Structure
- Origin: muscle's point of attachment to the more stationary bone
- Insertion: muscle's point of attachment to the movable bone
- Muscle action: movement made at the joint when the muscle contracts### Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes the lungs and air passages that ventilate them
- The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the body
- The respiratory system is made up of:
- Nose: filters, moistens, warms, and humidifies incoming air
- Pharynx (throat): a common pathway for air, food, and liquid
- Epiglottis: a flap that closes off the airway when swallowing
- Larynx (voice box): used for sound production and speech
- Trachea (windpipe): a tube that brings air down to the lungs
- Bronchial tree: consists of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
- Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is removed
Lung Function
- Inspiration: the process of breathing in, where the diaphragm contracts and the chest cavity expands
- Expiration: the process of breathing out, where the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity decreases
- Lung function involves:
- Taking in oxygen-rich air and removing carbon dioxide
- Exchanging gases between the lungs and bloodstream
- Regulating breathing rate and depth
Exchange of Gases
- The exchange of gases occurs between the lungs and bloodstream
- Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is removed through the process of respiration
- The composition of inhaled and exhaled air is:
- Inhaled air: 20.93% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, 79.04% nitrogen and other gases
- Exhaled air: 16.4% oxygen, 4.1% carbon dioxide, 79.5% nitrogen and other gases
Circulatory System
- The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- The components of blood are:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): carry oxygen from the lungs to the body
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): fight infection and provide immunity
- Thrombocytes (platelets): help to fix cuts and wounds
- Plasma: the liquid portion of the blood that carries water, proteins, and minerals
- The main functions of blood are:
- Transportation of oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells
- Removal of carbon dioxide and waste products from the body's cells
- Regulation of the body's temperature and fluid content
Heart Structure and Function
- The heart is a muscular pump that contracts rhythmically to provide the force for blood circulation
- The heart has two sides, four chambers, and four valves
- The chambers of the heart are:
- Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
- Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from the body
- Left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the body
- Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- The valves of the heart are:
- Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
- Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and right ventricle
- Mitral valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle
- Aortic valve: between the left ventricle and aorta
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
- Arterioles: small arteries that branch into capillaries
- Capillaries: tiny blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
- Veins: carry blood back to the heart
- Venules: small veins that merge to form larger veins
Blood Pressure
-
Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of blood vessels
-
Systolic pressure: the highest pressure recorded during contraction of the left ventricle
-
Diastolic pressure: the lowest pressure recorded during relaxation of the heart
-
Factors that affect blood pressure include:
- Cardiac output: the amount of blood pumped by the heart
- Volume of blood in circulation: the amount of blood in the body
- Resistance to blood flow: the opposition to blood flow through the vessels
- Venous return: the flow of blood back to the heart### Blood and Circulation
-
Blood consists of plasma and formed elements (red and white cells, platelets)
-
The heart is a pump with four chambers: right chambers receive blood from the body, pump it to the lungs, left chambers receive blood from the lungs, pump it to the body
-
Arteries and arterioles deliver blood to capillaries where oxygen exchange takes place
-
Venules and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart
-
Pulmonary circulation: circulation from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
-
Systemic circulation: circulation from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart
-
Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls, measured using a sphygmomanometer (systolic and diastolic pressure)
Physical Fitness
- Physical fitness: a set of attributes related to the ability to perform physical activity
- Measurable by field-based or clinical tests (e.g., sit and reach, vertical jump)
- 11 components: 5 health-related (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition), 6 skill-related (power, speed, agility, coordination, balance, reaction time)
Health-Related Components
- Cardiorespiratory endurance: healthy functioning of circulatory and respiratory systems, ability to exercise for a long period without fatigue
- Muscular endurance: ability of muscles to perform an activity for a long period without fatigue
- Muscular strength: amount of force produced by muscles in a single maximal effort
- Flexibility: ability to move joints through a full range of motion
- Body composition: amount of fat, bone, water, and muscle in the body
Skill-Related Components
- Power: ability to perform quickly an activity that requires strength
- Speed: ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a minimum amount of time
- Agility: ability to change and control the direction of the body while moving quickly
- Coordination: ability to use two or more parts of the body together to perform a task
- Balance: ability to keep the body stable in a moving or stationary position
- Reaction time: time it takes for the brain to receive information and send a message to the muscles to initiate movement
Aerobic and Anaerobic Training
- Aerobic training: develops cardiorespiratory endurance, uses aerobic energy system, focuses on enhancing the athlete's capacity to absorb, transport, and utilize oxygen
- Anaerobic training: diverse, targets strength, power, speed, lactate removal, and muscular endurance, uses anaerobic energy systems (Lactic Acid and Alactacid energy systems)
- FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
- Frequency: train at least three times per week, with minimal benefits from sessions exceeding five times a week
- Intensity: stress body systems to induce adaptations, measuring intensity by calculating target heart rate
- Time: exercise sessions should last 20-30 minutes, with minimal adaptations occurring in less than six weeks
- Type: continuous exercises using large muscle groups are most effective (e.g., running, cycling, swimming, aerobics)
This quiz covers the skeletal system, including major bones involved in movement, synovial joints, and joint actions. It also explores the relationship between the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems during movement.
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