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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Spongy bone is denser than compact bone.
Spongy bone is denser than compact bone.
False (B)
Name two types of cells involved in bone growth and their roles.
Name two types of cells involved in bone growth and their roles.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The _________ skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
The _________ skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
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Match the bones of the axial skeleton with their corresponding landmarks:
Match the bones of the axial skeleton with their corresponding landmarks:
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Which of the following is an accurate description of a cation?
Which of the following is an accurate description of a cation?
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A molecule is always a compound.
A molecule is always a compound.
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What is the primary role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
What is the primary role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
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A substance with a pH value greater than 7 is considered a ______.
A substance with a pH value greater than 7 is considered a ______.
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Match the following types of mixtures with their descriptions:
Match the following types of mixtures with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is essential for muscle contraction?
Which of the following is essential for muscle contraction?
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A muscle twitch is a sustained contraction resulting from repeated stimuli.
A muscle twitch is a sustained contraction resulting from repeated stimuli.
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What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
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The term 'biceps' refers to a muscle with _____ origins.
The term 'biceps' refers to a muscle with _____ origins.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What do the nerves do with respect to muscles?
What do the nerves do with respect to muscles?
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The rectus muscle is named because of its circular shape.
The rectus muscle is named because of its circular shape.
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The transverse plane divides the body into which portions?
The transverse plane divides the body into which portions?
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What is the term for a brief muscle contraction from a single stimulus?
What is the term for a brief muscle contraction from a single stimulus?
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Which of the following bones is part of the pectoral girdle?
Which of the following bones is part of the pectoral girdle?
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Match the following anatomical regions with their descriptions:
Match the following anatomical regions with their descriptions:
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The spinal cavity is part of the ventral cavity.
The spinal cavity is part of the ventral cavity.
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Cardiac muscle tissue is striated and voluntary.
Cardiac muscle tissue is striated and voluntary.
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What happens during the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction?
What happens during the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction?
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Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?
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The four elements that comprise 96% of body weight are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and ______.
The four elements that comprise 96% of body weight are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and ______.
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The three types of muscle tissue are _____, _____, and _____.
The three types of muscle tissue are _____, _____, and _____.
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Match the muscle types with their characteristics:
Match the muscle types with their characteristics:
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Name the three components of an atom.
Name the three components of an atom.
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Describe the role of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds.
Describe the role of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds.
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What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
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Which organ system is responsible for the body's defense against pathogens?
Which organ system is responsible for the body's defense against pathogens?
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The skeletal system includes muscles and tendons.
The skeletal system includes muscles and tendons.
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A muscle fiber contracts when calcium is pumped out of the muscle.
A muscle fiber contracts when calcium is pumped out of the muscle.
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Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds.
Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds.
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Describe the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle contraction.
Describe the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle contraction.
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What is the anatomical term for 'closer to the surface'?
What is the anatomical term for 'closer to the surface'?
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The ______ plane divides the body into front and back portions.
The ______ plane divides the body into front and back portions.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the cardiovascular system?
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Match the following anatomical terms with their definitions:
Match the following anatomical terms with their definitions:
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What plane divides the body vertically into left and right portions?
What plane divides the body vertically into left and right portions?
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The endocrine system uses ________ to communicate throughout the body.
The endocrine system uses ________ to communicate throughout the body.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Functions
- The skeletal system provides support and shape to the body
- It protects vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.
- Bones and skeletal muscles enable body movement.
Bone Classification
- Bones are categorized by size and shape into four main types:
- Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) have a long cylindrical shaft.
- Short bones (e.g., wrist and ankle bones) are roughly cube-shaped.
- Flat bones (e.g., ribs, skull, shoulder blades) are thin and curved.
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) have complex shapes that don't fit the other categories.
Compact and Spongy Bone
- Compact bone forms the outer layer and is dense and solid.
- Spongy bone is located within bones, with a porous, honeycomb structure. It contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells and stores minerals. Compact bone offers strength and protection.
Long Bone Structure
- Diaphysis: the long shaft in the center of the bone.
- Epiphysis: the rounded ends of the bone.
- Metaphysis: the area connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis.
- Epiphyseal plate: the growth plate in children located between the epiphysis and metaphysis.
Osteoblast and Osteoclast Roles
- Osteoblasts build new bone.
- Osteoclasts break down old bone.
- These processes are vital for bone growth in both length and width.
Axial Skeleton Bones
- Skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.
- Hyoid bone.
- Vertebral Column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
- Rib Cage: sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), ribs.
Appendicular Skeleton Bones
- Pectoral Girdles: clavicle, scapula.
- Upper Limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
- Pelvic Girdle: hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, coccyx.
- Lower Limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Joint Types & Movement
- Fibrous joints: immovable, rigid
- Cartilaginous joints: semi-movable, rigid
- Synovial joints: freely movable
- Common movements include hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, and gliding.
Muscle Tissue Types
- Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary, attached to bones.
- Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, found in the heart.
- Smooth muscle: visceral, involuntary, found in internal organs.
Whole Muscle Structure
- Epimysium: outer covering of a whole muscle
- Fasciculi: bundles of muscle fibers
- Perimysium: covers fasciculi
- Muscle Fiber Structure/Single Muscle fiber
- Endomysium: innermost covering of a muscle fiber
- Myofibrils: contractile units of a muscle fiber
- Sarcomeres: actin and myosin filaments within myofibrils
Muscle Contraction Mechanics
- Sliding filament mechanism describes the process where calcium initiates muscle contraction by binding to troponin and exposes myosin binding sites on actin; ATP provides energy for myosin to pull the actin filaments inwards, generating the contraction.
Muscle Terminology & Naming
- Origin: attachment point on stationary bone.
- Insertion: attachment point on movable bone.
- Belly: fleshy, contracting part of the muscle.
- Naming basis: location, shape, size, number of origins, action, or attachments (e.g., biceps, rectus, deltoid).
Major Muscle Actions
- Deltoid: abduction/flexion of the arm.
- Biceps: flexion of the elbow.
- Triceps: extension of the elbow.
- Quadriceps: knee extension.
- Hamstrings: knee flexion.
- Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion (pointing toes).
- Abdominals: trunk flexion.
- Erector spinae: trunk extension.
Human Body Organization
- Organization of the human body begins at smallest to largest.
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Organ Systems in Human Body
- Integumentary (skin, hair, nails)
- Skeletal (bones, cartilage, ligaments)
- Muscular (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles)
- Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
- Endocrine (hormones from glands like thyroid, pancreas)
- Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
- Lymphatic (lymph nodes, vessels, tissues)
- Respiratory (nose, lungs, diaphragm)
- Digestive (mouth, stomach, intestines)
- Urinary (kidneys, bladder, urethra)
- Reproductive (ovaries, testes, uterus)
- Immune (white blood cells, lymph organs)
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a stable internal environment, overcoming external changes (temperature, pH, fluid balance, nutrients).
Anatomical Positions
- Standard reference position for describing body locations; standing upright, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and head, eyes, and toes pointing straight ahead.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal: divides the body into right and left.
- Coronal (Frontal): divides the body into front and back.
- Transverse (Horizontal): divides the body into upper and lower.
Anatomical Directions and Relative Positions
- Superior/Inferior (above/below)
- Anterior/Posterior (front/back)
- Medial/Lateral (toward the midline/away from midline)
- Proximal/Distal (closer to/further from the origin)
- Superficial/Deep (closer to/further from the surface)
Anatomical Regions and Quadrants
- Anatomical terms for quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ) and regions (e.g., umbilical, epigastric, hypochondriac) are used to locate specific body areas for medical purposes.
Body Cavities
- Dorsal: Cranial (brain); spinal (spinal cord)
- Ventral: Thoracic (heart, lungs); Abdominal (stomach, liver, intestines); Pelvic (bladder, reproductive system)
Basic Chemistry Definitions
- Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Element: a pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler components chemically.
- Atom: the smallest unit of an element that still retains its properties.
- Four elements comprising 96% of body weight: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.
Atomic Structure
- Protons (positive charge, in nucleus)
- Neutrons (no charge, in nucleus)
- Electrons (negative charge, orbit nucleus).
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl).
- Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂O).
- Hydrogen bonds: intermolecular attraction between molecules (not caused by electron transfer or sharing)
Ions and Electrolytes
- Ions: charged atoms or groups of atoms.
- Cations: positively charged
- Anions: negatively charged
- Electrolytes: form ions in aqueous solutions
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of the skeletal system, muscle contraction, and the roles of various cells and substances involved in these processes. This quiz covers essential concepts related to anatomy, physiology, and chemistry. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these critical topics!
