Skeletal and Muscle System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Protection of internal organs

Storage of minerals

Support of the body

Regulation of body temperature (correct)

Which of the following best describes the structure and location of spongy bone?

Dense, located primarily within the ends of long bones and the interior of other bones.

Porous, located primarily within the shaft of long bones.

Porous, Found in the ends of long bones and within the interior of other bones. (correct)

Dense, located in the outer layer of bones.

Which part of the long bone is primarily responsible for its growth in length?

Epiphyseal plate (correct)

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Periosteum

What are the main components of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following landmarks is NOT associated with the vertebrae?

Orbit (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of motor units activated and the strength of muscle contraction?

As the number of motor units activated increases, the strength of muscle contraction increases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a muscle twitch and tetanus?

A twitch is a brief contraction from one stimulus, while tetanus is a sustained contraction from repeated stimuli. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of energy for muscle contraction?

Lactic acid (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events from nerve stimulation to muscle contraction?

Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released, action potential spreads across the muscle fiber, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin binds to actin, muscle contracts. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle term refers to a muscle with a triangular shape?

Deltoid (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal muscles?

Transporting blood throughout the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system in relation to muscle contraction?

Initiate and control muscle contraction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is NOT part of the pectoral girdle?

Humerus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the scapula?

Glenoid cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the stomach?

Smooth muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated and voluntary?

Skeletal muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what does calcium bind to, in order to initiate the process?

Troponin (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the sliding filament mechanism, what action shortens the muscle fiber?

Actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP in muscle contraction?

To power the myosin cross bridge cycle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

It binds to troponin, triggering a change in actin shape (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cations from anions?

Cations are positively charged, while anions are negatively charged. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why water is essential to life?

Water directly provides energy to cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

To act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is pH defined in relation to acids and bases?

pH is a logarithmic scale measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a colloidal suspension?

A mixture where small particles remain evenly dispersed and do not settle. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is primarily responsible for the production of hormones?

Endocrine system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a position that is closer to the midline of the body?

Medial (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the anatomical position, which direction is superior?

Towards the head (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of the body divides it into anterior and posterior sections?

Coronal plane (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is involved in filtering and excreting waste from the blood?

Urinary system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical position refers to being further away from the surface of the body?

Deep (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 12 major organ systems of the human body?

Dermatological system (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the abdominal cavity?

Contains digestive organs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which region is located below the umbilical region?

Hypogastric region (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the spinal cavity?

Runs through the vertebral column (B) Signup and view all the answers

Identify the four elements that comprise 96% of body weight.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (D) Signup and view all the answers

The cranial cavity is primarily responsible for housing which structure?

Brain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrons in chemical bonding?

To facilitate the formation of bonds between atoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mediastinum?

It separates the right and left pleural cavities (C) Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Functions

The skeletal system provides support and shape to the body.
Bones protect vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.
Bones, along with skeletal muscles, allow for body movement.

Bone Classification

Bones are classified by size and shape.
Four main types: long (e.g., femur, humerus), short (e.g., wrists, ankles), flat (e.g., ribs, skull), and irregular (e.g., vertebrae).

Compact and Spongy Bone

Compact bone forms the outer layer, providing strength and protection.
Spongy bone has a honeycomb structure, containing bone marrow for blood cell production and mineral storage.

Long Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The long shaft in the middle
Epiphysis: The rounded ends
Metaphysis: The area connecting the shaft to the ends
Epiphyseal plate: The growth plate in children.

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts build new bone.
Osteoclasts break down old bone.
These processes work together to maintain and modify bone structure.

Axial Skeleton Bones and Landmarks

Skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, landmarks: orbit, zygomatic, mandible
Hyoid bone
Vertebral Column: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx, landmarks: vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process.
Rib Cage: sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), ribs (12 pairs).

Appendicular Skeleton Bones and Landmarks

Pectoral Girdles: clavicle, scapula (acromion, spine, glenoid cavity)
Upper Limbs: humerus (head, greater/lesser tubercles), radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic Girdle: hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, coccyx
Lower Limbs: femur (head, greater/lesser trochanters), patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Types of Joints and Movements

Joint Types: fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (semi-movable), synovial (freely movable)
Movements: Hinge (elbow, knee), Ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip), Pivot (neck), Gliding (wrist, ankle)

Muscle Tissue Types

Skeletal: striated, voluntary, attached to bones for movement
Cardiac: striated, involuntary, found in heart walls, controls heartbeat
Smooth: visceral, involuntary, found in internal organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels).

Whole and Single Muscle Fiber Structures

Whole muscle: epimysium (outer covering), fasciculi (bundles of muscle fibers), perimysium (covering fasciculi)
Single muscle fiber: endomysium (innermost covering), myofibrils, sarcomeres (actin and myosin filaments).

Muscle Contraction Mechanisms

The sliding filament mechanism involves calcium binding to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites on actin, myosin heads pulling actin filaments inward, shortening muscle fibers, and causing contraction.

Role of Calcium and ATP

Calcium ions initiate contraction by binding to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites on actin.
ATP provides the energy for myosin heads to bind to and pull actin filaments.

Muscle Responses

Single fiber twitch: involves a brief contraction from one stimulus
Single fiber tetanus: involves sustained contraction from rapid, repeated stimuli before relaxation.

Muscle Energy Sources

ATP: immediate energy source
Phosphocreatine: quick ATP replenishment
Glucose breakdown: ATP supply with low oxygen.

Muscle Contraction Sequence

Nerve signal triggers calcium release.
Calcium allows myosin to bind to actin.
Myosin pulls actin filaments inward, shortening the muscle fibers.
Shortened overlapping fibers cause overall muscle contraction.

Defining Muscle Terms

Origin: attachment point on stationary bone
Insertion: attachment point on movable bone
Belly: the fleshy, contracting part of the muscle.

Muscle Naming

Based on location, shape, size, number of origins, action, or attachments.

Major Muscle Actions

Major muscle actions: Deltoid (arm abduction/flexion), Biceps (elbow flexion), Triceps (elbow extension), Quadriceps (knee extension), Hamstrings (knee flexion), Gastrocnemius (plantar flexion), Abdominals (trunk flexion), Erector spinae (trunk extension).

Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy: the study of structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Physiology: the study of how the body and its parts function.

Levels of Human Body Organization

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Major Organ Systems (12)

Integumentary (skin, hair, nails)
Skeletal (bones, cartilage, ligaments)
Muscular (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles)
Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Endocrine (hormones)
Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
Lymphatic (lymph nodes, vessels, tissues)
Respiratory (nose, lungs, diaphragm)
Digestive (mouth, stomach, intestines)
Urinary (kidneys, bladder, urethra)
Reproductive (ovaries, testes, uterus)
Immune (white blood cells, lymph organs)

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, important for proper cell and body function, despite external changes.

Anatomical Position

Standard reference position for describing body structures, standing upright, feet flat apart, arms at the sides with palms facing forward. Eyes and toes pointing ahead.

Anatomical Planes

Sagittal (divides into left and right sections), Coronal (divides front and back sections), Transverse (divides into upper and lower sections).

Anatomical Terms for Quadrants and Regions

Quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)
Regions (umbilical, hypogastric, epigastric, hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac)

Major Body Cavities

Dorsal: cranial (brain), spinal (spinal cord).
Ventral: thoracic (heart, lungs, related structures), abdominal (stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most intestines, pancreas), pelvic (urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum).

Basic Chemistry Terms

Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.
Element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by chemical means.
Atom: the fundamental unit of an element.
Proton, neutron, electron: components of an atom (proton + and, neutron neutral, electron -).
Ionic bond: electron transfer between atoms.
Covalent bond: sharing of electrons between atoms.
Hydrogen bond: weak attraction among molecules.

Electrolytes

Ions (charged atoms or molecules) dissolved in water, such as cations (positive) and anions (negative).

Molecules vs Compounds

Molecule: two or more atoms bonded together.
Compound: two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Water's Importance

Medium for biochemical reactions, Transports nutrients and wastes, Lubricates joints, Regulates body temp, Maintains blood volume.

pH Scale

A scale to measure acidity or basicity.
Seven (7) is neutral.
Below it is acidic, above basic.

Catalysts and Enzymes

Catalyst: substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.
Enzyme: biological catalyst (protein). Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

Differentiating Mixtures

Mixture: two or more substances mixed but not chemically bound together, can be easily separated (e.g., salad, mixed nuts).
Solution: one substance completely dissolved in another, forming a homogeneous mixture (e.g., sugar in water)
Suspension: large particles, float in a liquid, settle out over time (e.g., muddy water)
Colloidal suspension: small particles dispersed in a liquid, stays evenly dispersed (e.g., milk, fog)
Precipitate: solid substance formed during a chemical reaction by combining two solutions (e.g., a solid forming at the bottom of two solutions when mixed).

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Description

Test your knowledge of the skeletal and muscular systems with this quiz. Explore topics such as the structure of bones, functions of muscles, and the role of calcium in muscle contraction. Perfect for biology students looking to review their understanding of these essential systems.