A&P101: Anatomy and Physiology I Study Notes PDF

Placeholder image Class Notes Date: 1/27/2024 =============== A&P: Anatomy and Physiology I Chap:1,2,8,9 ========================================== Cohort 29 ========= Chapter 8 Skeletal system List the functions of the skeletal system and the classification of bones by size and shape. -------...

Placeholder image Class Notes Date: 1/27/2024 =============== A&P: Anatomy and Physiology I Chap:1,2,8,9 ========================================== Cohort 29 ========= Chapter 8 Skeletal system List the functions of the skeletal system and the classification of bones by size and shape. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[The skeletal system has several key functions:]*** - - - - - ***[Bones are classified by their size and shape into four main types:]*** - - - - Differentiate between the composition and location of compact and spongy bone. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - -  Describe the structure of a long bone ------------------------------------- ***[To remember the structure of a long bone easily:]*** - - - - Describe the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and how bones grow in length and width ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - List the bones of the axial skeleton and label important landmarks on selected bones. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Axial Skeleton Bones:]*** **-Skull**: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid [Landmarks]: Orbit, zygomatic, mandible ***[Hyoid bone]*** **-Vertebral Column**: Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx [Landmarks]: Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process **-Rib Cag**e: Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), ribs (12 pairs) \*Remember key words like \"skull\", \"hyoid\", \"vertebrae\", \"ribs\" for the axial bones. Visualize the skull\'s orbit and mandible, the vertebrae\'s processes, and the sternum\'s parts.\* List the bones of the appendicular skeleton and label important landmarks on selected bones. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Appendicular Skeleton Bones:]*** **-Pectoral Girdles**: Clavicle, scapula (acromion, spine, glenoid cavity) **-Upper Limbs**: Humerus (head, greater/lesser tubercles), radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges **-Pelvic Girdle**: Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, coccyx **-Lower Limbs**: Femur (head, greater/lesser trochanters), patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges List the main types and functions of joints and describe the type of joint movement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Joint types: ]*** - - - ***[Movements:]*** - - - - Chapter 9 Muscular System Identify three types of muscle tissue ------------------------------------- ***[The three types of muscle tissue are:]*** 1\) **Skeletal** (striated, voluntary) - Attached to bones for voluntary movement. 2\) **Cardiac** (striated, involuntary) - Found in the heart walls, controls heartbeat. 3\) **Smooth** (visceral, involuntary) - Found in internal organs like stomach and blood vessels. Compare the structure of a whole muscle and the structure of a single muscle fiber ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Whole Muscle:]*** - - - ***[Single Muscle Fiber: ]*** - - - Describe the sliding filament mechanism of a muscle contraction --------------------------------------------------------------- ***[The sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction can be simplified as:]*** 1\) Calcium enters the muscle fiber 2\) Calcium binds to **troponin**, changing the actin shape 3\) This exposes **myosin** binding sites on actin 4\) Myosin heads bind to the exposed actin sites 5\) Myosin heads pull the **actin filaments** inward 6\) This causes the actin filaments to slide over the myosin 7\) The sliding shortens the muscle fiber, creating contraction 8\) Calcium is pumped back out to relax the muscle \*The key is the sliding of the overlapping actin and myosin filaments driven by calcium and the myosin cross-bridge cycling.\* Explain the role of calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle contraction. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - \*Calcium is like a key that unlocks the door for your muscles to squeeze. ATP is like the energy drink that gives your muscles the power to keep squeezing. Without calcium, the door stays locked and your muscles can\'t contract. And without ATP, your muscles get tired quickly and can\'t keep squeezing strongly. Calcium unlocks and ATP energizes your muscles to work properly.\* Describe the relationship between skeletal muscles and nerves, including the motor unit and its relationship to recruitment and the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - ### So in short, your nerves tell your muscles when to squeeze by sending chemical messengers, and more nerves get involved for stronger squeezes. The muscles are the squeezing machines, but the nerves are the bosses telling them what to do! Discuss muscle responses: single fiber and whole muscle: -------------------------------------------------------- ***[Single fiber]*** Define twitch and tetanus. ========================== - **Twitch** = brief contraction from one stimulus ================================================ - **Tetanus** = sustained contraction from rapid, repeated stimuli before relaxation ================================================================================== ***[Whole Muscle]*** Identify the sources of energy for muscle contraction. ====================================================== - - - Trace the sequence of events from nerve stimulation to muscle contraction. ========================================================================== - - - - Define muscle terms and state the basis for naming muscles ---------------------------------------------------------- ***[Muscle terms:]*** - - - ***[Muscle naming:]*** - [Examples]: Biceps (two origins), Rectus (straight), Deltoid (delta shape) Identify and list the actions of the major muscles. --------------------------------------------------- ***[Major muscle actions:]*** - - - - - - - - Chapter 1 Introduction to The Human Body Define the terms anatomy and physiology --------------------------------------- - - List the levels of organization of the human body. -------------------------------------------------- ***[The levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest are:]*** - - - - - - - - Describe the 12 major organ systems. ------------------------------------ ***The 12 major organ systems of the human body are:*** 1\. **Integumentary syste**m (skin, hair, nails) 2\. **Skeletal system** (bones, cartilage, ligaments) 3\. **Muscular system** (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles) 4\. **Nervous system** (brain, spinal cord, nerves) 5\. **Endocrine system** (hormones from glands like thyroid, pancreas) 6\. **Cardiovascular system** (heart, blood vessels) 7\. **Lymphatic system** (lymph nodes, vessels, tissues) 8\. **Respiratory system** (nose, lungs, diaphragm) 9\. **Digestive system** (mouth, stomach, intestines) 10\. **Urinary system** (kidneys, bladder, urethra) 11\. **Reproductive system** (ovaries, testes, uterus) 12\. **Immune system** (white blood cells, lymph organs) \*Each system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health by working together in harmony.\* Define homeostasis ------------------ - Describe the anatomical position -------------------------------- - List common terms used for relative positions of the body. ---------------------------------------------------------- *[Here\'s an easy way to remember common terms for relative body positions:]* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Superior - Above ---------------- Inferior - Below ---------------- Anterior - Front ---------------- Posterior - Back ---------------- Medial - Toward midline ----------------------- Lateral - Away from midline --------------------------- Proximal - Closer to -------------------- Distal - Further away from -------------------------- Superficial - Closer to surface ------------------------------- Deep - Further from surface --------------------------- ### ### \*Visualize yourself in an anatomical position to apply these directional terms properly.\* Describe the three major planes of the body. -------------------------------------------- ***[To easily remember the three major planes of the body, think of slicing a loaf of bread:]*** **Sagittal plane** - Slices the body vertically from front to back, dividing it into left and right sides. **Coronal plane** - Slices the body vertically from side to side, dividing it into front and back portions. **Transverse plane** - Slices the body horizontally, dividing it into upper and lower portions. List anatomical terms for quadrants and regions of the body ----------------------------------------------------------- ***[To easily remember anatomical quadrants and regions:]*** **[Quadrants:]** **RUQ** - Right Upper Quadrant **LUQ** - Left Upper Quadrant **RLQ** - Right Lower Quadrant **LLQ** - Left Lower Quadrant **[Regions:]** **Umbilical** - Around navel **Hypogastric** - Below umbilical **Epigastric** - Above umbilical **Hypochondriac** - Upper abdomen, below ribs **Lumbar** - Back, around loins **Iliac** - Lower abdomen, over hips Describe the major cavities of the body. ---------------------------------------- ***[The major cavities of the body are:]*** ***[Dorsal:]*** **Cranial cavity** - Contains the brain, located in the skull.(The attic, housing the brain) **Spinal cavity** - Contains the spinal cord, running through the vertebral column. (The hallway, containing the spinal cord) ***[Ventral]*** **Thoracic cavity** - Contains the heart, lungs, and related structures. Divided into the pleural cavities for the lungs and the mediastinum.(The living room, with the heart and lungs) **Abdominal cavity** - Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and most of the intestines.(The kitchen, holding digestive organs) **Pelvic cavity** - Contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rectum. Part of the larger abdominopelvic cavity.(The basement, with reproductive organs) \*These cavities house and protect the body\'s vital organs, with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities comprising the ventral cavity.\* Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Define the terms matter, element, and atom, and do the following: ----------------------------------------------------------------- - - - ### *[List the four elements that comprise 96% of body weight]* - - - - ### *[Describe the three components of an atom]* - - - ### *[Describe the role of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds]* - Differentiate among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. -------------------------------------------------------- - - - Explain ions, including the differences among electrolytes, cations, and anions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **[Two types of ions]** - - - Explain the difference between a molecule and a compound, and list five reasons why water is essential to life. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Molecule vs Compound:]*** - - ***[5 Reasons Water is Essential:]*** - - - - - Explain the role of catalysts and enzymes ----------------------------------------- - Differentiate between an acid and a base, and define pH ------------------------------------------------------- - - - - List the six forms of energy and describe the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in energy transfer ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Differentiate between a mixture, solution, suspension, colloidal suspension, and a precipitate. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [Just think:] - - - - - ###