Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role does the interaction between the pharyngeal endoderm and notochord play in heart development?
What role does the interaction between the pharyngeal endoderm and notochord play in heart development?
Which gene is associated with the regulation of cardiac progenitor migration in zebrafish?
Which gene is associated with the regulation of cardiac progenitor migration in zebrafish?
During heart looping, which structure is involved in the creation of cushions for the valves?
During heart looping, which structure is involved in the creation of cushions for the valves?
What is the first structure specified in heart field specification?
What is the first structure specified in heart field specification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of Tbx5 and Tbx20 in heart development?
What is the function of Tbx5 and Tbx20 in heart development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which signaling molecule promotes heart development?
Which signaling molecule promotes heart development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of BMP from the endoderm in heart development?
What is the role of BMP from the endoderm in heart development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which signals inhibit blood development in the heart?
Which signals inhibit blood development in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
The fusion of heart fields primarily involves which type of mesoderm?
The fusion of heart fields primarily involves which type of mesoderm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of myocardium in heart chamber development?
What is the primary function of myocardium in heart chamber development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which molecules are involved in strengthening heart valves during development?
Which molecules are involved in strengthening heart valves during development?
Signup and view all the answers
What cellular process is involved in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during heart formation?
What cellular process is involved in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during heart formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gene is critical for the formation of endocardial cushions in valve development?
Which gene is critical for the formation of endocardial cushions in valve development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Mesp1 in heart cell development?
What is the role of Mesp1 in heart cell development?
Signup and view all the answers
During heart development, what does the process of MET primarily result in?
During heart development, what does the process of MET primarily result in?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sequence correctly outlines the steps involved in heart cell development?
Which sequence correctly outlines the steps involved in heart cell development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key factor that influences blood vessel development?
What is a key factor that influences blood vessel development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sites are involved in intraembryonic vasculogenesis?
Which sites are involved in intraembryonic vasculogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of tip cells in blood vessel development?
What is the function of tip cells in blood vessel development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of the Wnt and Notch signaling interaction in blood vessel development?
What is the outcome of the Wnt and Notch signaling interaction in blood vessel development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following processes does EMT contribute to during heart formation?
Which of the following processes does EMT contribute to during heart formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does VEGF play in avascular regions such as the cornea?
What role does VEGF play in avascular regions such as the cornea?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be a consequence of excessive angiogenesis during pregnancy?
What can be a consequence of excessive angiogenesis during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is associated with the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in the aorta-gonadal-meson (AGM)?
Which factor is associated with the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in the aorta-gonadal-meson (AGM)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment?
Which of the following is true about the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cytokine is primarily involved in influencing erythropoiesis?
Which cytokine is primarily involved in influencing erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a function of ECM in hematopoiesis?
What is a function of ECM in hematopoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What unique role do stromal cells in the bone marrow fulfill?
What unique role do stromal cells in the bone marrow fulfill?
Signup and view all the answers
How does high activity of Notch signaling affect hematopoietic stem cell differentiation?
How does high activity of Notch signaling affect hematopoietic stem cell differentiation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of blood vessel formation that occurs first?
What is the process of blood vessel formation that occurs first?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cell types are involved in blood vessel formation?
Which cell types are involved in blood vessel formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary site for hematopoiesis after the AGM region?
What is the primary site for hematopoiesis after the AGM region?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure in fetal circulation allows bypassing of the lungs?
What structure in fetal circulation allows bypassing of the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of pericytes in the context of blood cell formation?
What is the role of pericytes in the context of blood cell formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which morphogenetic event is occurring between the mesenchyme and the ureteric bud (UB)?
Which morphogenetic event is occurring between the mesenchyme and the ureteric bud (UB)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one molecular signal derived from the mesenchyme (MM) that affects the ureteric bud (UB)?
What is one molecular signal derived from the mesenchyme (MM) that affects the ureteric bud (UB)?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches from other niches like the HIM niche?
What distinguishes hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches from other niches like the HIM niche?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
- Lateral plate mesoderm is involved in heart development, blood vessel development, and hematopoiesis.
- Cellular signaling and morphogenesis are crucial processes.
Partitions and Lineages of the Mesoderm
- The mesoderm is divided into intermediate, paraxial, and lateral plate mesoderm.
- Notochord, kidneys, and gonads develop from the intermediate mesoderm.
- Paraxial mesoderm leads to skeletal muscle, cartilage, and tendons.
- Lateral plate mesoderm forms the circulatory system (splanchnic), body cavities, and limb bones (somatic).
Heart Development
- Heart development includes heart field specification, fusion, looping, valve development, heart symmetry, and cell differentiation.
- Heart field specification involves 50 cells (in mice) in two small patches rostral to PS.
- The first heart field (1st/P) is associated with muscular regions and left ventricle (LV), while the second heart field (2nd/S) includes the right ventricle (RV), arteries, and atria.
Heart Fusion
- During heart fusion, the heart tube fuses to form the primitive heart tube.
- This process is crucial for proper heart development.
Heart Looping
- Heart looping involves the initial stages of heart contraction and blood flow.
- The truncus arteriosus and sinus venosus form valve cushions.
- The septum formation involves delineation of Tbx5 (left ventricle) and Tbx20 (right ventricle).
Heart Valve Development
- Endocardium induces formation of valve structures.
- Myocardium and endocardium work together to define heart valves.
- Molecular signaling pathways like Twist and Tbx20 strengthen valves.
EMT in Heart Formation
- Reorganization of the microtubule spindle is crucial during EMT.
- Cell migration direction and actin remodeling are regulated by signaling pathways.
Heart Cell/Tissue Development
- Mespl activates dickkopf (prevents blood vessel formation).
- Endoderm genes are repressed for migration.
- The posterior and anterior cardiovascular progenitor (CPM) regions contribute to heart formation.
Heart Symmetry
- Left and right symmetry involves Hand1 and Hand2 expression.
- The diagrams illustrate the stages of heart development for both Hand1 and Hand2.
Blood Vessel Development
- Blood vessels develop from hemangioblasts through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
- The formation of blood vessels involves the sprouting of tip cells with proper regulation.
- Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in blood vessel development (in diseases, pregnancy, and other factors like blind spots in patients with diabetes, etc)
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cells develop through signaling pathways, differentiation paths, and an ECM that surrounds them.
- Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop in a niche, which is regulated by factors like stromal cells.
- The hierarchy of hematopoietic lineage involves the stages of differentiation from stem cells to mature blood cells.
- The development of blood cells and stem cells is regulated by factors such as Wnt, Notch, Bmp, Etv2, and hemangioblasts.
Embryonic Sites of HSC
- AGM, yolk sac, endothelium, and blood islands are embryonic sites for hematopoietic stem cells.
Signals for AGM
- Neural tube signals, notochord, and lateral signals affect AGM development.
NO-mediated via cGMP
- NO (nitric oxide) plays a role in mediating hematopoietic stem cell development via cGMP signaling pathways.
- Factors like SCL, GATA2/Runx1 and c-Myb and Pu. 1 are involved in the process.
HSC Niche in the Bone Marrow
- HSCs reside in a niche in the bone marrow, supported by perivascular and endothelial cells.
- Factors like SCF stimulate HSC development.
Interesting Facts about Angiogenesis
- Some parts of the body are avascular (e.g., cornea).
- VEGF is regulated in the ECM, even in pregnancy.
- Too much angiogenesis can cause problems like preeclampsia.
- Related factors influence angiogenesis in diseases like tumor growth.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
