Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which action is NOT part of the disaster response plan for nursing staff?
Which action is NOT part of the disaster response plan for nursing staff?
What is the primary indicator of internal bleeding?
What is the primary indicator of internal bleeding?
Which type of bleeding is characterized by blood coming from an open wound?
Which type of bleeding is characterized by blood coming from an open wound?
Which type of open wound has jagged and irregular edges?
Which type of open wound has jagged and irregular edges?
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What is the recommended action after a disaster to ensure ongoing care for the affected population?
What is the recommended action after a disaster to ensure ongoing care for the affected population?
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What best describes an avulsion type of wound?
What best describes an avulsion type of wound?
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Which symptom is associated with internal bleeding that is often mistaken for other conditions?
Which symptom is associated with internal bleeding that is often mistaken for other conditions?
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What is the main purpose of activating agency disaster plans?
What is the main purpose of activating agency disaster plans?
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What is the recommended initial action when dealing with a patient involved in a serious accident?
What is the recommended initial action when dealing with a patient involved in a serious accident?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the primary assessment in emergency response?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the primary assessment in emergency response?
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When calling for emergency help, which information is critical to provide?
When calling for emergency help, which information is critical to provide?
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In a situation where a patient has carbon monoxide poisoning, what is a crucial step in their care?
In a situation where a patient has carbon monoxide poisoning, what is a crucial step in their care?
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What should be prioritized when dealing with patients during a heat-related illness emergency?
What should be prioritized when dealing with patients during a heat-related illness emergency?
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During the pre-impact phase of disaster response, which activity is NOT recommended?
During the pre-impact phase of disaster response, which activity is NOT recommended?
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Which statement about the transport decision during a medical emergency is correct?
Which statement about the transport decision during a medical emergency is correct?
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What is an important consideration regarding the patient’s clothing during emergency care?
What is an important consideration regarding the patient’s clothing during emergency care?
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What is the primary concern when caring for an intoxicated individual?
What is the primary concern when caring for an intoxicated individual?
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Which of the following actions is essential in CPR when a patient shows no signs of breathing?
Which of the following actions is essential in CPR when a patient shows no signs of breathing?
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Identifying which symptom is vital in recognizing life-threatening conditions?
Identifying which symptom is vital in recognizing life-threatening conditions?
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What is a potential effect of carbon monoxide poisoning?
What is a potential effect of carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Which condition is classified as a heat-related illness?
Which condition is classified as a heat-related illness?
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What is the immediate first aid response to a person experiencing heat exhaustion?
What is the immediate first aid response to a person experiencing heat exhaustion?
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When performing first aid, which principle should always be observed?
When performing first aid, which principle should always be observed?
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What should you do first if you suspect a victim has suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning?
What should you do first if you suspect a victim has suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Study Notes
Golden Rules of First Aid
- Stay calm but act decisively.
- If the casualty has stopped breathing, immediately start artificial respiration (CPR).
- Control any bleeding as soon as possible.
- Don't allow a patient to go into shock.
- Transport the patient to a nearby hospital as quickly as possible.
- In case of a serious accident, contact the police immediately.
- Keep the patient warm, but do not move them unnecessarily.
- Only take actions that are necessary.
- Offer reassurance and support to the casualty.
- Do not allow crowding around the injured person. Ensure fresh air circulation.
- Be cautious when removing clothing to avoid further injury.
- Send the patient to a hospital promptly using the quickest means of transportation.
Scene Survey
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Scene Assessment:
- Evaluate the environment for potential hazards.
- Determine the mechanism of injury (MOI) and the chief complaint.
- Count the number of casualties.
- Identify the need for additional resources.
- Ensure personal protective equipment is available.
- Form a general impression of the situation.
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Primary Assessment:
- Determine the chief complaint.
- Assess the level of responsiveness.
- Ensure spinal motion restriction when appropriate.
- Assess the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
- Conduct a quick body survey.
- Obtain a pulse oximetry reading (SpO2).
- Determine if the patient requires immediate transport.
- Position the patient appropriately for comfort and safety.
Emergency Contact Numbers
- United Kingdom: 999
- United States: 911
- European Union: 112
- UAE: 998 (Ambulance), 997 (Fire Department)
Calling Emergency Services
- Provide clear and concise information:
- The location of the incident.
- The number of casualties.
- The nature of injuries.
- The age of the casualties, if relevant.
- Any hazards present (e.g., fire, fuel, electricity).
- If accessing the area is challenging or remote, consider sending someone to meet emergency services.
Role of Emergency & Disaster Nurses in Disaster Continuum
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Disaster Phases:
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Pre-Impact:
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Planning/Preparedness, Prevention, Warning:
- Participate in development of community disaster plans.
- Conduct community risk assessments (e.g., hazard mapping, vulnerability analysis).
- Implement disaster prevention measures (e.g., public awareness campaigns).
- Practice disaster drills.
- Obtain relevant educational training.
- Develop a database of nursing staff.
- Create an evaluation plan for all disaster responses.
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Planning/Preparedness, Prevention, Warning:
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Impact:
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Response, Emergency Management, Mitigation:
- Activate the disaster response plan.
- Address ongoing hazards.
- Initiate agency disaster plans.
- Establish mutual aid relationships.
- Integrate state and federal resources.
- Implement ongoing triage systems.
- Evaluate public health needs of the affected population.
- Ensure safe shelter, sanitation, food, and water supplies.
- Determine the need for and activate additional nursing staff.
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Response, Emergency Management, Mitigation:
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Post-Impact:
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Recovery, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Evaluation:
- Continue providing nursing and medical care.
- Monitor the safety of food and water supply.
- Withdraw from the disaster scene as appropriate.
- Restore public health infrastructure.
- Re-triage and transport patients to appropriate care facilities.
- Facilitate family reunification.
- Monitor long-term physical and mental health of survivors.
- Offer counseling to staff and ensure adequate rest.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the disaster nursing response.
- Revise the initial disaster preparedness plan.
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Recovery, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Evaluation:
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Pre-Impact:
Bleeding Types
- External Bleeding: Blood exiting an open wound.
- Internal Bleeding: Occurs when blood is not visible externally, and the skin is intact. May be difficult to detect.
Recognizing Internal Bleeding
- Blood vomit from the mouth, bleeding per rectum, or blood in urine.
- Vomited blood, which can be bright red, dark red, or resemble coffee grounds.
- Black, foul-smelling, tarry stools.
- Pain, tenderness, or swelling in the abdomen.
- Bruises over the lower chest or a rigid abdomen.
Types of Open Wounds:
- Abrasion: The top layer of skin is removed. Little to no blood loss.
- Laceration: A cut with jagged, irregular edges caused by a tearing force.
- Incision: A cut with smooth edges, similar to a surgical or paper cut. Bleeding depends on wound depth, location, and size.
- Puncture: A deep, narrow wound often caused by a sharp object, such as a nail or knife.
- Avulsion: A piece of skin and/or tissue is torn away, either partially or completely.
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