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Questions and Answers
What is the stage in Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development during which gender development takes place?
During which age range does the phallic stage, as per Freud's theory, typically occur?
What is the term Freud used to describe the gender development challenges faced by boys during the phallic stage?
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what concept involves girls identifying with their mother during the phallic stage?
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Which Greek mythological figure is associated with the daughter who saved her brother and experienced a complex similar to the Oedipus complex in Freud's theory?
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What is the main difference between Jerome Bruner's cognitive development theory and Piaget's theory?
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Which stage of Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory on gender involves children understanding that their own gender is fixed but not others?
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At what age do children typically start acquiring gender-relevant information according to Martin et al.?
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How does Gender Schema Theory explain children's understanding of gender roles and behaviors?
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What characterizes the Gender Consistency/Constancy stage in Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory?
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Study Notes
Sigmund Freud
- Born on May 6, 1856, at Freiberg, Moravie, Austrian Empire (now Pribor, Czech Republic)
- Died on September 23, 1939, at London, England
- Founder of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Development
- Takes place during the phallic stage (3-6 years old)
- During this stage, the child's libido is focused on their genitals
- Development of gender is different for boys and girls
- Boys experience the Oedipus complex and identify with their father and take on a male gender role
- Girls experience the Electra complex and identify with their mother and take on a female gender role
Cognitive Development Theory
- Jean Piaget:
- Children's thinking changes as they grow and develop in stages
- Children actively construct their understanding of the world through exploration, interaction, and experimentation
- Schema: Mental frameworks that organize knowledge and experiences
- Assimilation: Fitting new experiences into existing knowledge
- Accommodation: Modifying existing knowledge for new experiences
Lawrence Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory
- Based on Piaget's cognitive development theory
- As children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases
- Stages of Kohlberg's cognitive development theory on gender:
- Stage 1: Gender Identity/Labeling (2-3 years old)
- Children learn to label themselves and others as male or female based on physical appearance
- They do not understand that gender is fixed
- Stage 2: Gender Stability (3-4 years old)
- Children begin to understand that their own gender is fixed and does not change over time – but not others
- Stage 3: Gender Consistency/Constancy (4-7 years old)
- Children understand that gender is fixed and won’t change with time, activities, or appearance
- Applies across situations, including observing and imitating adults and older children who they see as the same gender
- Stage 1: Gender Identity/Labeling (2-3 years old)
Gender Schema Theory
- Introduced by psychologist Sandra Bem in 1981 and expanded by Martin et al. in 1990
- Explains how children develop their understanding of gender roles and behaviors
- According to Martin et al. (1990):
- Children start acquiring gender-relevant information at ages 2-3 years old (gender identity)
- For young children, schemas are based around stereotypes
- Parents help develop schemas (e.g., girls with dolls, boys with cars)
- By age 6, they have a fixed idea of what is appropriate for their gender
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Description
Test your knowledge on the life and theories of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Explore concepts such as the psychosexual theory of personality development and the phallic stage. Learn about Freud's theories on gender development.
