Sickle Cell Anemia Overview

Definition: Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S), leading to distorted (sickle-shaped) red blood cells.
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive trait; both parents must carry the sickle cell gene for a child to be affected.

Abnormal Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin S causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, especially under low oxygen conditions.
Complications:
- Vascular occlusion due to sickled cells.
- Increased hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells).
- Chronic hemolytic anemia.

Blood Tests:
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis to identify hemoglobin S.
- Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia.
Newborn Screening: Routine in many countries.

Pain Management: Analgesics for pain crises.
Hydroxyurea: Increases fetal hemoglobin production, reducing sickling episodes.
Blood Transfusions: To manage severe anemia or prevent complications.
Bone Marrow Transplant: Curative option but with risks; suitable for some patients.
Vaccinations: Preventive measures against infections.

Acute Chest Syndrome: Lung-related complication presenting with respiratory symptoms.
Stroke: Occurs due to blockage of blood vessels in the brain.
Organ Damage: Resulting from chronic hypoxia and vaso-occlusive crises.
Leg Ulcers: Resulting from impaired blood flow.

Regular Check-ups: Monitoring for complications and managing symptoms.
Lifestyle Adjustments: Hydration, avoiding extreme temperatures, and stress management.
Prognosis: Improved with early detection and comprehensive care; life expectancy has increased with better management strategies.

Genetic blood disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells.
Inheritance is autosomal recessive; both parents must pass the sickle cell gene for offspring to exhibit the disease.

Hemoglobin S results in rigid, sickle-shaped red blood cells, particularly in low oxygen environments.
Complications include:
- Vascular occlusion, where sickled cells block blood flow.
- Increased hemolysis, leading to the breakdown of red blood cells.
- Ongoing chronic hemolytic anemia.

Pain crises manifest as episodes of severe pain from obstructed blood flow.
Anemia symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pallor, and shortness of breath due to low red blood cell counts.
Swelling, particularly in hands and feet (referred to as dactylitis), is a common symptom.
Patients are more susceptible to infections due to spleen dysfunction.
Children may experience delayed growth as a consequence of chronic anemia.

Blood tests such as hemoglobin electrophoresis identify the presence of hemoglobin S.
A complete blood count (CBC) helps assess levels of anemia.
Routine newborn screening for sickle cell anemia is common in many countries.

Pain management primarily involves the use of analgesics during pain crises.
Hydroxyurea is employed to stimulate the production of fetal hemoglobin, which can reduce sickling episodes.
Blood transfusions may be necessary to address severe anemia and prevent complications.
Bone marrow transplant offers a potential cure but carries risks and is suitable for select patients.
Vaccinations play a crucial role in preventing infections related to the disorder.

Acute chest syndrome presents with respiratory symptoms and requires immediate medical attention.
Stroke risk increases due to blood vessel blockage in the brain from sickled cells.
Chronic hypoxia and vaso-occlusive crises can lead to significant organ damage.
Impaired blood flow may result in development of leg ulcers.

Regular medical check-ups are essential for monitoring complications and managing symptoms effectively.
Lifestyle adjustments, including hydration, avoiding extreme temperatures, and stress management, can mitigate symptoms.
Prognosis is notably improved with early detection and comprehensive management strategies; life expectancy has increased due to advances in care.