Shock Overview and Blood Clotting

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Questions and Answers

What does the perfusion triangle consist of?

Pipes = nervous system
Pump = lungs
Contents = blood (correct)
Pump = heart (correct)

What happens when there is damage to the heart?

It cannot move enough blood through the body to support perfusion.

What is the result of blood/plasma loss?

Not enough fluid to support perfusion needs of the body.

What occurs during rapid vessel dilation?

Normal amount of blood volume won't be enough to fill the system and provide adequate perfusion. Signup and view all the answers

What does blood pressure indicate?

It is a rough measure of perfusion. Signup and view all the answers

What conditions lead to blood clots forming?

Retention of blood due to blockage in circulation, changes in the vessel wall, and blood's ability to clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pulse pressure in patients with shock?

Less than 25 mm Hg. Signup and view all the answers

What regulates blood flow through capillary beds?

Capillary sphincters controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic causes of shock?

Pump failure, poor vessel function, and low fluid volume. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of pump failure?

Cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock (e.g., tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism). Signup and view all the answers

What types of poor vessel function exist?

Disruptive shock including septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, and psychogenic shock. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of low fluid volume?

Hypovolemic shock including hemorrhagic shock and non-hemorrhagic shock. Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiogenic shock?

Inadequate function of the heart causing backup of blood into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is obstructive shock?

Mechanical obstruction preventing adequate volume of blood from filling the heart chambers. Signup and view all the answers

What is tension pneumothorax?

Air in the chest cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during cardiac tamponade?

The sac around the heart fills with blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is pulmonary embolism?

A blood clot in the pulmonary artery. Signup and view all the answers

What is distributive shock?

Widespread dilation of small arterioles and venules. Signup and view all the answers

What causes septic shock?

Severe infections, primarily bacterial, that damage vessel walls. Signup and view all the answers

What is neurogenic shock?

Result of high spinal cord injury affecting blood vessel function. Signup and view all the answers

What causes anaphylactic shock?

A severe allergic reaction to a sensitizing substance. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during psychogenic shock?

Temporary generalized vascular dilation resulting in fainting/syncope. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypovolemic shock?

Inadequate amount of fluid volume, either hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic. Signup and view all the answers

What is pericardial effusion?

Fluid collects between the pericardial sac and myocardium, potentially leading to cardiac tamponade. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Shock Overview

Perfusion Triangle consists of heart (pump), blood vessels (pipes), and blood (contents) crucial for maintaining effective circulation.
Damage to the Heart results in inadequate blood movement, compromising perfusion.
Blood/Plasma Loss leads to insufficient fluid for body perfusion needs.
Rapid Vessel Dilation occurs when blood volume is insufficient to fill vessels, hindering perfusion.
Blood Pressure is an important indicator of perfusion status, providing a rough measure of blood flow adequacy.

Blood Clotting and Shock

Blood Clots Formation is influenced by blood retention due to blockage, vessel wall changes, and the blood's clotting ability.
Pulse Pressure in shock patients is generally less than 25 mm Hg, indicative of compromised circulation.

Regulation of Blood Flow

Capillary Sphincters regulate blood flow through capillaries and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, impacting tissue perfusion.

Basic Causes of Shock

Three Main Causes:
- Pump failure (cardiogenic shock)
- Poor vessel function (distributive shock)
- Low fluid volume (hypovolemic shock)

Types of Shock

Pump Failure Types:
- Cardiogenic Shock: Inadequate heart function causes blood to back up into the lungs.
- Obstructive Shock: Mechanical obstruction impedes blood filling in heart chambers, including:
  - Tension pneumothorax (air in the chest cavity)
  - Cardiac tamponade (blood in pericardial sac)
  - Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in pulmonary artery)
Poor Vessel Function Types:
- Distributive Shock: Characterized by widespread dilatation of small arterioles and venules, includes:
  - Septic Shock: Severe bacterial infections release toxins damaging vessel walls.
  - Neurogenic Shock: Caused by high spinal cord injury leading to loss of sympathetic nerve function and muscle contraction in blood vessels.
  - Anaphylactic Shock: Severe allergic reactions to substances such as stings, injections, ingestion, or inhalation.
  - Psychogenic Shock: Temporary vascular dilation resulting in fainting, with blood pooling and reducing brain blood supply.
Low Fluid Volume Types:
- Hypovolemic Shock: Results from inadequate fluid volume, can be hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic.

Pericardial Effusion: Fluid collects between the pericardial sac and myocardium, potentially leading to cardiac tamponade by preventing adequate ventricular filling.