Cardiovascular System Dynamics and Shock
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure in the absence of left-sided heart failure?

  • COPD
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • ARDS
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What happens to left ventricular emptying in left-sided heart failure?

  • It remains the same
  • It increases
  • It decreases (correct)
  • It becomes normal

    • What is the effect of increased blood volume on cardiac output?

  • It has no effect on cardiac output
  • It is variable
  • It decreases cardiac output
  • It increases cardiac output (correct)

    • What happens to blood pressure when blood vessel elasticity increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cardiac output and heart rate?

    <p>Cardiac output increases with increasing heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to right ventricular emptying in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased cardiac output on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is characterized by decreased cardiac output and tissue hypoxia?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to peripheral resistance during hypovolemic shock?

    <p>It increases due to massive fluid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is NOT associated with hypovolemia?

    <p>Oxygen content reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of neurogenic shock?

    <p>Massive vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphylactic shock is primarily triggered by:

    <p>Massive vasodilation from hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the consequence of severe hypercapnia?

    <p>Potential coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence best describes the pathway leading to an increase in blood pressure?

    <p>Vasoconstriction → Angiotensin II → Increased Peripheral Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common source of infection?

    <p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to sympathetic overstimulation in neurogenic shock?

    <p>Massive blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of septic shock as it progresses?

    <p>Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock can occur due to a severe allergic reaction?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and inadequate blood pressure despite a normal blood volume?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PCO2 levels?

    <p>35-45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood pressure, what is the effect of increased peripheral resistance?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxemia can be caused by which of the following scenarios?

    <p>High altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is primarily characterized by bradycardia and decreased cardiac output?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cation found in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a problem that contributes to edema?

    <p>Decreased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH (vasopressin) primarily regulates water excretion in response to which of the following conditions?

    <p>Increased osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can increase capillary hydrostatic pressure and lead to edema?

    <p>Congestive heart failure (CHF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in the cytoplasm regarding cellular ion composition?

    <p>Proteins never leave the cell and contribute to oncotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a cause of decreased capillary oncotic pressure?

    <p>Increased protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily responsible for the regulation of blood pressure during dehydration?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shock is characterized by reduced blood volume due to fluid loss?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock involves a failure of the heart to pump effectively?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shock type is primarily caused by severe allergic reactions leading to vasodilation?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily characterizes septic shock?

    <p>Severe infection leading to systemic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cardiac output have on blood pressure during shock states?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output can cause hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock can occur due to spinal cord injury?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which shock type might you see warm skin due to vasodilation?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of plasma proteins in the context of edema?

    <p>They prevent fluid loss from the capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Dynamics

    • Stroke volume affects cardiac output (C.O.) and blood pressure (B.P.).
    • Increased peripheral resistance decreases overall compliance, resulting in higher arterial blood pressure.
    • Angiotensinogen converts to angiotensin I and II, leading to vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone secretion, which raises blood volume and pressure.

    Classification of Shock

    • Cardiogenic Shock: Characterized by decreased C.O. and resultant tissue hypoxia.
    • Hypovolemic Shock: Caused by significant blood or plasma loss, leading to inadequate intravascular volume.
    • Neurogenic Shock: Results from massive vasodilation affecting systemic vascular resistance, often due to spinal cord injury.
    • Anaphylactic Shock: Severe hypersensitivity reaction leading to widespread vasodilation.
    • Septic Shock: Triggered by infection, progressing to bacteremia, SIRS, and often multiple organ dysfunction.

    Heart Failure

    • Left-sided Heart Failure: Involves systolic/diastolic ventricular dysfunction, increased left ventricular volume/pressure, leading to pulmonary edema and vascular resistance.
    • Right-sided Heart Failure: Often secondary to left-sided failure; characterized by increased pressure in the right chambers and peripheral edema, particularly prevalent in conditions like COPD.

    Factors Influencing Peripheral Resistance and Cardiac Output

    • Blood Volume: Elevated blood volume increases the workload on the heart, raising blood pressure.
    • Vascular Compliance: Increased vessel elasticity lowers blood pressure; decreased compliance raises pressure.
    • Cardiac Output Influences: Heart rate (H.R.) and stroke volume determine C.O.; decreased intravascular volume impacts supply and tissue perfusion.

    Pulmonary Function and Gas Exchange

    • Normal PO2 and PCO2 Values: PO2 is typically 80-100 mmHg; PCO2 ranges from 35-45 mmHg.
    • Hypoxemia: Reduced arterial oxygenation caused by factors like DM, COPD, or pulmonary shunting.
    • Hypercapnia: Increased CO2 leads to potential acid-base imbalance; results from diminished respiratory drive or hypoventilation.

    Electrolyte Composition

    • Cytoplasm Ion Composition: Major cations include sodium (Na+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and potassium (K+) in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
    • Role of Aldosterone and ADH: Aldosterone promotes Na+ reabsorption, indirectly stimulating water retention. ADH facilitates water reabsorption in response to increased osmolality and low B.P.

    Edema Causes

    • Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation.
    • Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure from conditions like CHF or renal failure.
    • Decreased capillary oncotic pressure due to protein malnutrition or liver disease.
    • Loss of plasma proteins contributing to edema formation.

    Sodium and Water Balance Alterations

    • Isotonic: Total body water changes impact electrolyte concentrations; standard measurements may vary.
    • Hypertonic (Hypernatremia): Na+ levels exceed 145 mEq/L, leading to intracellular dehydration.
    • Hypotonic: ECF sodium drops below normal levels, causing potential health issues.

    Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors

    • Modifiable Factors: Include dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, stress, and excessive alcohol use.
    • Non-Modifiable Factors: Age, gender (males and post-menopausal females), genetic predisposition, and ethnicity.

    Atherosclerosis Development

    • Initiated by endothelial injury, which causes dysfunction and inflammation, pivotal in plaque formation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the dynamics of the cardiovascular system, including the effects of stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and angiotensinogen on cardiac output and blood pressure. It also explores the classification of shock, including cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock.

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