Lecture Exam 2 Review

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Questions and Answers

Which type of muscle can be spontaneously active?

Striated muscle

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle (correct)

What are the neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit smooth muscle?

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine (correct)

Endorphins and histamine

Dopamine and serotonin

Glutamate and GABA

Which of the following can trigger a response from smooth muscle cells?

Temperature

Stretch

All of the above (correct)

What is the main source of calcium for smooth muscle cells?

Extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is activated by calcium itself?

Calcium-induced calcium release Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle can undergo mitosis and hypertrophy, allowing for an increase in the number and size of smooth muscle cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle cells in the esophagus primarily contract in a longitudinal direction.

True Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle cells in the stomach primarily contract in a circular direction.

True Signup and view all the answers

Each varicosity in smooth muscle contains different types of neurotransmitters.

False Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle cells in the uterus can undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which type of smooth muscle cells are independent of each other and require individual activation by autonomic nerves?

Multi-unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the coordinated reflexive action of the digestive tract, where the constricting and relaxing of smooth muscles help push food along?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of smooth muscle cells are connected via gap junctions and contract as a unit?

Single unit Signup and view all the answers

Do multi-unit smooth muscle cells fire action potentials spontaneously?

No Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the spontaneous depolarization of some smooth muscle cells, which can activate all the connected cells?

Pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle lacks striations because

it has dense bodies instead of z discs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the dense bodies in smooth muscle?

To anchor the actin filaments to the extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of troponin in skeletal muscle contraction?

To remove the tropomyosin and reveal the active binding sites on actin Signup and view all the answers

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle in terms of responsiveness?

Smooth muscle responds to a variety of stimuli including stretch and chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood vessels in distal extremities on a cold day?

They constrict and reduce blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which protein does calcium bind to in smooth muscle cells to initiate contraction?

Calmodulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle contraction?

It phosphorylates a regulatory protein on the myosin neck Signup and view all the answers

How does calcium enter smooth muscle cells?

Through calcium channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the contractile proteins in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle has troponin and tropomyosin complex, while smooth muscle does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cal sodium calcium exchanger in smooth muscle cells?

It pumps calcium out of the cell against its gradient Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle requires calcium for contraction, primarily from the extracellular fluid. However, some smooth muscle cells also have a smooth endoplasmic reticulum which plays a role in contraction. This slow sustained contraction allows smooth muscle to produce more tension and maintain it over long periods of time while using minimal energy. This is important for maintaining tone in organs like blood vessels to regulate blood pressure.

Smooth muscle requires calcium from the intracellular fluid for contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle can create more tension than skeletal muscle and maintain it over long periods of time while using very little energy.

Smooth muscle can create more tension than skeletal muscle but requires more energy to maintain it. Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle contraction takes longer to form compared to skeletal muscle contraction.

Smooth muscle contraction forms slower than skeletal muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle can maintain tension over long periods of time.

Smooth muscle can maintain tension for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle responds to autonomic neurons, not somatic motor neurons like skeletal muscle.

Smooth muscle responds to autonomic neurons, not somatic motor neurons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of whole blood?

It is made up of plasma and formed elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contributor to the viscosity of blood?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if blood becomes too thin?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if blood becomes too thick?

Formation of clots Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate viscosity of blood compared to water?

Thicker Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is the most abundant and contributes the most to oncotic pressure in our vessels?

Albumins Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is involved in clotting and helps to stop blood from leaking out of our vessels when they're damaged?

Fibrinogen Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing plasma proteins such as albumin and fibrinogen?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolytes are commonly found in plasma?

Sodium, potassium, chloride Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the blood are produced from a single cell called a pluripotent stem cell?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood settles to the bottom when centrifuged?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the volume of red blood cells in the blood?

Hematocrit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of red blood cells?

They have a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the white blood cells in the blood?

Fight infection Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood makes up the majority of its volume?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Transporting oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?

It helps hemoglobin bind to oxygen molecules Signup and view all the answers

What can jaundice indicate?

Severe liver disease Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind to?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of red blood cells in acid-base buffering?

Maintaining acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is absent in red blood cells?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Transporting oxygen Signup and view all the answers

How many hemoglobin molecules are there in one red blood cell?

280 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the stimulus for increasing red blood cell production called?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily senses a drop in oxygen content in the body?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is produced by the kidney in response to a drop in oxygen content?

Erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

Where are red blood cells produced in the body?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the red bone marrow produces more red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the production of more red blood cells in the body?

High altitude Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit is responsible for the blood that is moving through the lungs?

Pulmonary circuit Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygen-poor blood from the tissue back to the heart?

Inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessels have larger cross-sectional areas and are more distensible?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the veins in the circulatory system?

Return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between veins and arteries in terms of structure?

Veins have thinner walls Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel has the largest cross-sectional area in the systemic circulation?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessels tend to have a steady blood flow and lack pulsations?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the circulation contains significantly more blood at any given time?

Venous side Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

To act as a reservoir for blood Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood at rest can be found in the venous system?

54% Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds the heart and contains two layers?

Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the heart's apex?

Towards the left lung Signup and view all the answers

Where is the superior portion of the heart located?

At the base of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are connected to the superior portion of the heart's base?

Pulmonary trunk and aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the adipose tissue on the surface of the heart?

To protect the heart from injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the heart called?

Epicardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium called?

Pericardial cavity Signup and view all the answers

How does the heart contract to move blood out of the ventricles?

From the apex to the base Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the spiral orientation of cardiac muscles in the heart?

To facilitate contraction and movement of blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pericardium in maintaining the position of the heart?

To connect the heart to the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Atrioventricular sulcus Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if there is a blockage or disruption in the series of interconnected structures in the cardiovascular system?

Fluid can get backed up and cause shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

Which sulcus separates the two ventricles of the heart?

Interventricular sulcus Signup and view all the answers

What can be seen on the surface of the heart within the atrioventricular sulcus?

Coronary blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is usually part of the apex of the heart?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for contracting and ejecting blood into the pulmonary trunk?

Right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle of the heart has a thicker muscular wall?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

Which valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

Aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the formula for cardiac output?

Heart rate x stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the average resting cardiac output?

4 liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

How does cardiac output change during vigorous exercise?

It quadruples Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the difference between a person's maximum and resting cardiac output?

Cardiac reserve Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum cardiac output a well-trained athlete can achieve?

35 liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences cardiac output?

Blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate cardiac output of a person with heart failure at rest?

5 liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which organ requires the highest percentage of cardiac output at rest?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cardiac output during exercise?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the venous system in cardiac output?

To return deoxygenated blood to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body contains proprioceptors that provide constant feedback to the brain about body position?

Joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of barrel receptors in regulating heart rate?

They respond to pressure changes in the blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Where are barrel receptors located in the body?

Internal carotid arteries Signup and view all the answers

What happens to heart rate when blood pressure decreases?

Heart rate increases Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to decrease heart rate by manipulating barrel receptors?

Rubbing the internal carotids Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is responsible for initiating autonomic outputs and signaling the heart to increase or decrease heart rate?

Reticular formation of the medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter acts on beta 1 receptors to increase heart rate?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain centers can influence the cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata to increase or decrease heart rate?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sending out cardio inhibitory signals to decrease heart rate?

Cranial nerve 10 Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors does acetylcholine act on to slow down heart rate?

Muscarinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heart rate and cardiac output is correct?

As heart rate increases, cardiac output initially increases but then starts to decrease at very high heart rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting heart rate considered to be in tachycardia?

Above 100 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger tachycardia?

Stress and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting heart rate considered to be in bradycardia?

Below 60 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

What can cause bradycardia?

Heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a compound that the carotid bodies are sensitive to?

Oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the carotid bodies in respiratory control?

Detecting changes in blood pH Signup and view all the answers

In which cases would an increase in heart rate and cardiac output be triggered?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of increasing perfusion to major organs in cases of low blood pressure?

To sustain living Signup and view all the answers

When might the carotid body and the aortic bodies take on a larger role in controlling heart rate and cardiac output?

When blood pressure is low Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is caused by a pulmonary embolus, resulting in decreased venous return and cardiac output?

Obstructive shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of decreased arterial blood pressure in severe dehydration?

Fluid loss Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock occurs when there is a loss of sympathetic tone, leading to widespread vasodilation and decreased arterial blood pressure?

Neurogenic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of decreased arterial blood pressure in cardiac tamponade?

Cardiac tamponade Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is caused by bacterial toxins, triggering vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Septic shock Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of decreased arterial blood pressure?

Elevated heart rate, pale or flushed appearance, sweating, fever, weakness, and altered mental state Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is a severe immune reaction to an antigen, resulting in vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Anaphylactic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock occurs due to severe trauma and inflammation, causing widespread vasodilation?

Traumatic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in long-term blood pressure regulation?

Conserving fluid and adjusting sodium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the common effect of all types of shock on total peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure?

Decrease in total peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the sounds heard when measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and a blood pressure cuff?

Systolic, diastolic Signup and view all the answers

Where is the vasomotor center located in the brain?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes are controlled by the vasomotor center?

Baroreceptors, chemo reflexes, and the medullary ischemic reflex Signup and view all the answers

Where are the baroreceptors located?

Carotid arteries and aortic arch Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of hypovolemic shock?

Decrease in blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What are the three autonomic responses or reflexes controlled by the vasomotor center?

Baroreceptors, chemo reflexes, and the medullary ischemic reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vasomotor center's pressor area?

Stimulates vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vasomotor center's depressor area?

Causes vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hypovolemic shock?

Loss of blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chemo reflexes in blood pressure regulation?

Respond to changes in compounds like CO2, oxygen, and pH to regulate blood pressure and perfusion to different organs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Pressure Regulation Lecture Summary

Blood pressure can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and a blood pressure cuff.
The first sound heard when releasing the pressure is the systolic blood pressure, and the last sound is the diastolic blood pressure.
Palpating the radial artery can also give an idea of the systolic blood pressure.
When using a stethoscope, it is important not to press too hard on the antecubital fossa to avoid compressing the artery.
The vasomotor center in the brain, located in the medulla oblongata, exerts sympathetic outflow to maintain blood pressure.
The vasomotor center has a pressor area that stimulates vasoconstriction and a depressor area that causes vasodilation.
Baroreceptors, chemo reflexes, and the medullary ischemic reflex are three autonomic responses or reflexes controlled by the vasomotor center.
Baroreceptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense changes in blood pressure and can increase or decrease sympathetic activity to regulate blood pressure.
Chemo reflexes, also located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch, respond to changes in compounds like CO2, oxygen, and pH to regulate blood pressure and perfusion to different organs.
The medullary ischemic reflex is activated when the brain becomes hypoxic or ischemic, leading to increased sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure and perfuse the brain.
Circulatory shock occurs when the cardiac output does not meet the metabolic demands of the body, resulting in inadequate perfusion to organs.
Hypovolemic shock, caused by a loss of blood volume, and compensatory shock, where the body compensates for the loss, are examples of shock that can occur.Explanation of Hypovolemic Shock and its Causes
The text discusses the concept of resistance and its impact on blood flow.
It mentions that there are two kinds of resistance: one that matches the drop in flow and one that compensates for it.
The increased resistance leads to vasoconstriction, which is a narrowing of blood vessels.
The text introduces the term "shock" and specifically mentions hypovolemic shock.
Hypovolemic shock is a type of shock characterized by a decrease in blood volume.
The text suggests that the increased sympathetic talent (nervous system response) causes vasoconstriction and contributes to hypovolemic shock.
It implies that hypovolemic shock can be caused by factors that decrease blood volume.
The text does not provide specific examples of what causes hypovolemic shock.
It suggests that sweating can be a compensatory mechanism to counteract the drop in blood flow.
The text does not explain why sweating would compensate for the drop in flow.
It implies that increasing resistance can help compensate for the drop in flow.
The text does not provide further details on how increasing resistance compensates for the drop in flow.

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