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Roman and Anglo-Saxon England (55 BC - AD 1066)

• The Britons sent ships and warriors to help their relatives on the continent when they learned that Julius Caesar was heading to subdue continental relatives.
• The Romans invaded Celtic Britain due to the Celts working with the Gauls and Britain's "richer, heavier land"

Julius Caesar's Expeditions

• The first expedition in 55 BC wasn't successful due to the Britons' readiness and stormy weather.
• In 54 BC, Caesar's retook expedition crossed the Thames and confronted British tribes led by Cassivellaunus.
• The Romans achieved temporary success but didn't colonize Britain.

Roman Conquest Under Emperor Claudius

• The conquest began in 43 AD, with forces landing on the southeast coast of Britain (Kent).
• One decisive battle occurred at the River Medway. Southern Britain saw a permanent Roman occupation.
• Military roads and garrisoned forts were the Roman method.
• The Romans failed to conquer Scotland (Caledonia) after over a century of attempts, due to resistance from the Caledonians, Pictish, and Celtic tribes.
• Emperor Hadrian ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall around AD 120 to protect Roman Britain from Scottish tribes.
• Completed between 122 and 127 AD, it also marked the border between England and Scotland.

Roman Influence

• The name "Britain" comes from "Pretani," a Greco-Roman word.
• Romans influenced Britain economically, politically, and culturally, introducing reading, writing, and infrastructure.
• Londinium (London) became the capital, and many cities were founded with endings like "-chester" or "-caster".
• Large villa farms emerged in the countryside, belonging to wealthy Britons.
• Influences included chariot-racing, law, Latin, theaters, bathing, togas, roads, forts, and Christianity in the 4th century.

Anglo-Saxon Invasion (ca. 446-577) and the Heptarchy

• Roman control ended in 410 AD when the empire collapsed
• Nordic peoples from Germany and Scandinavia, such as the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, invaded, giving Britain the name "England."
• These tribes settled in the southern and eastern parts, establishing new political structures.
• The Battle of Mons Badonicus around 500 AD marked a temporary halt to the Anglo-Saxon advance; King Arthur is linked to this battle.
• By the 6th century, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, called the Heptarchy, were established, including Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.
• These kingdoms had own rulers and rivaled for dominance.

Christian Influence

• The conversion of King Ethelbert of Kent around 600 AD marked the beginning.
• Kent was the first kingdom whose ruler converted to Christianity.
• Mercia was the largest and last to convert to Christianity.
• Christianity spread across Britain starting in the 7th century.
• Saint Augustine of Canterbury, sent by Pope Gregory, arrived in Kent in 597 AD and introduced Christianity; in 601, became the 1st Archbishop of Canterbury.

Viking Invasions Begin

• Near the end of the 8th century, Vikings from Scandinavia (Swedes, Danes, Norwegians) invaded.
• The first invasion was in 793, ruining the Lindisfarne monastery.
• They began establishing settlements in 865 , growing their influence.
• The Vikings established the Danelaw, regions ruled by them under Scandinavian law.
• King Alfred the Great's victory at the Battle of Edington in 878 halted further Viking expansion into southern England.

Alfred the Great and His Successors

• Alfred the Great was known for defending Wessex against the Vikings.
• The Treaty of Wedmore divided England: Alfred controlled the south, and Danish Vikings controlled the Danelaw.
• Alfred forced the Viking leader to retreat and accept a treaty.
• He established fortified towns ("burhs") for Viking defense.
• After Alfred's death, Edward the Elder continued defending Wessex and expanding the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Aethelstan united all of gland by 937.

Later Viking Invasions

• In 991, a large Viking fleet led by Sweyn Forkbeard raided England.
• The Battle of Maldon in 991 occurred when the Vikings attacked Essex, defeating Anglo-Saxon forces.
• The Anglo-Saxons paid Danegeld to avoid further attacks which became a common practice to placate the invaders.
• In 1013, Sweyn Forkbeard forced King Æthelred the Unready into exile.

Canute the Great

• Sweyn Forkbeard briefly ruled before his death in 1014.
• The monarch claimed the English throne and ruled over a North Sea empire: Denmark, England, and Norway.
• Also of Danish origin.

Edward the Confessor

• (rex. 1042-1066) was known for his religious devotion and was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England before the Norman Conquest.
• He reigned until 1066 and key achievement was the construction of Westminster Abbey in 1045.

The Anglo-Saxon Kings

• Alfred the Great (rex. 871-899) was the first Anglo-Saxon king.
• Edward the Elder (rex. 899-924) was the son of Alfred.
• Aethelstan (rex. 924-939) was the son of Edward.
• Æthelred the Unready (rex. 978-1013 and 1014-1016) fled for Viking invasion but returned after Sweyn's death.
• Sweyn Forkbeard (rex. 1013-1014) was a Danish King who briefly ruled England.
• Canute the Great (rex. 1016-1035) was a Danish king who gained the throne after Æthelred's death.
• Edward the Confessor (rex. 1042-1066) was the last Anglo-Saxon king before the Normand Conquest.

Early Middle Ages (1066-1202)

• Edward the Confessor died childless in 1066.
• Harold Godwinson (Earl of Essex), William I (Duke of Normandy), and Harald Hardrada(King of Norway) vied for the throne.

Harold Godwinson

• Claimed the throne and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on January 6, 1066
• Coronation contest challenged by several rivals. Claim also disputed by William, Duke of Normandy, and Harald Hardrada, King of Norway.

William's Claim

• Said Edward promised him throne
• Claim backed by Pope Alexander II

Harald Hardrada Claim

• Asserted a claim because he descended form old viking kings of England.
• Anglo-saxon Noble
• Claimed throne
• He had been one of Edward's trusted advisors prior to death.

Battle of Stamford Bridge

• Harold defeated Harald Hardrada
• Hardrada and Tostig were killed.
• The victory weakened Harold's army.

Battle of Hastings

• William gathered forces and sailed from Normandy.
• Harold faced William after the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
• The battle lasted all day on October 14, 1066
• Harold's army, mainly infantry, used a shield wall.
• Harold was struck in the eye by arrow, leading to his death and the collapse of resistance.
• Resulted in end of Anglo-Saxon rule and start of Norman rule.

William the Conqueror Aftermath

• Crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas day 1066
• He spent years consolidating power over England and French became language for for govenrment and church.
• He also established schools like Oxford and Cambridge Uni and divided spiritual and secular courts.
• He faced uprisings in North England.

William's Strategies for Maintain Control

• Feudal System: he introduced this and displaced Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with loyal Norman Nobles.
• Domesday Book: Compiled in 1086, details England's landholdings resources and it provides an overview of estates and wealth.
• He ruled until his death in 1087 and after that the feudal system became firmly established.

William, Family and Inheritance.

• Complex family structure
• His death created a succession crisis
• Here's how inheritance was split: William II (Kingdom of England), Robert Crthose (inherited Normandy), and Henry I initially received no land

William II (William Rufus) Reign

• He was crowned king after this fathers death.
• He was the eldest survivaling son of William the Conqueror.

Robert Crthose Reign

• The oldest son but was given Nomandy instead of England.

Henry I Reign

• Henry was the youngest son to William the Conqueror.

William Rufus Style

• Authortiarian Rule because had conflict with church and heavu handed treatment to to english noblility.
• He was killed in a hunting accident.

Henry I Siezure

• Henry seized the thrown and secured support noble and church crowned in 1100 August 5.
• The King secured and helped with Royal Authortiy and worked on legal reform the Charter of Liberties.

Henry I Personal Life and Challenges

• Married Matilda of scotland securing their marriage within scotland.
• Matilda daughter of Malcom and supported by Royal Scions and helped anglo-saxon members.

Edward and Succession Challenge.

• Edward was challenged because was only son in the white ship when english channel went under water.

Henry I Successer Claims

• Brother Robert who had returned to England claim the throne.
• Battle of Tinchebrai and Henry defeate Robert in 1106.

Matilda Opposition

• Mathilda was facing stronge oppression because was woman for position in reign of England.

Stephen of Blois

• Cousin Seized the Throne in 1135.
• Stephen and Matilda fought and weakened the monarchy to destabilize the Kingdom.

Henry Plantanget After Conflicts.

• Later Son had grown into a powerful leader
• In 1153 he controlled England and Normandy poised to succeed Steven.

Treatment of Westminster

• Steven remain king and Henry took his place Plantagenet.

Matilda and Count of Anju

• Married in 1154 and became king.

Engalnd Territorys With new line of Kings

• Enlgand, Nurmandy Anoju and Maine Touranie.

Henry One of the Most Major Event That happened in Lineage.

• His conflict with Thomas Bicket Arhibshop

The sons of of Henriy

• The young King, Richerheart.

Henry Crowned King and Territorys Lost

• England, Nomandy, Aquainie All lost.

Richard Lion Heart

• Spent liteel time in England largely preoccupied with attempt to regain throne with the ther Crusade between 1189 and 119.

Richart captured and ransom and Successsion

• Richart was caputed by duke of Austria in 1192.
• Funds raised by Elenor of Aquitane to secure the released Richard in1194.

Heniry Deathen Successor

• Died 1199 from infected wound succeeding thethrone the succeed throne successing the John.

John Early Life

• His nickname "Lackland"

Throne and Power

• John ascended and brother died in 1111.
• Was a conflict of the throne.

Territory Power with John

• One of One of Johns earlier Failures for Territory
• Philip lost to the second and lose power by Johns Nobilitys had been underminned.

The Relationship of the Church and power.

• Relations with the the Roman churches was tumultuous.
• John refuses to accept the popes choice and England places a interdict

Money Tax

• Wars and funds leads to heavily taxes on public.

John Taxes

• The noble are widespread in England and tactics were tendency to Seize land contributed of growing unrest among the english Aristocraty.

oppressive to reaching John peak

• A group captures London and were forced to negotiate.
• This document was an attempt to empower fair trials and equal rights for all nobles.

Baron war breaks out

• Baron and supporters broken and not reached Johns but severely broke image.
• Johns death was 1216 . He succeds by his nine year old.
• John signing was symbol of not above the Law.

Johns Heavy Power

• John heavy military Failure leads to conflicts with the Church
• Johns documents was based on power to the throne
• The great and minorty by ther Henry the III between 1215 and 1217.

Barons in Henry War

• By the 1260's the king let to conflicts of Barons war
• led By Simon the MontFord
• A war between King and barans for government.

Provisions of Oxfords and Rise Parliment

• A provisions by reform aim at curbing.
• Henry refuses Parliment a more paticipaptory Government.

A rule of Parliment Power

• The crisis over the Rule of Edwaward and one Power.
• Edward was able to stabilize power over rebellion.

Edward one Reign and Influence

• Edward one to Edward 1307 was instrumental to Engalnds Power and control over Wales.

End of The Thrones Accession to Power

• Edward first was away with with Holy power at the point.
• Edward becomes the new King to the throne.

Welsh Power and Control in Power

• Edwards has been most known for military in Wales Conquesut power.
• Consoldiate Wales which had divides of Various small Kingdoms .
• The war inwales was Disputes over The succession of whales and Lands.

Prince and Titles

• In 130one Edwards som become the prince
• A title remians the current King of England.

Scottish war to Independance

• Scottish war best known the the the indeoandence from conflict.
• Edwards intially though to assert English control over Scotland and not.
• Firzt wars 1303-1306 Include Scottish Power
• The Baffle of the Stirloing where walaces defeated the English army.
• The structur of the modern parlament includess consiting of Bishops.

Edwards in Commons

• Commoners and burgess (commons).

Structure Parliament Edwards

• paralimanet led Foundaion for modern Parliment

Edward I to Edward III (1272-1337)

• Edward Longshanks.
• He came to Kingship in 1272.

Edwards campaigns

• Involved the conquest of Wales.
• There was open warfare from 1277-1283.
• Edwards Son was made prince Wales.

Edwards involvemnet

• Involced from 1296 to 1303.

One of the Most Prominen Fucgtuew

• William Waalsce and Robert Bruce.
• Some wars led to the Battle from 1306-1328.

Relationship with nobility and people.

• He constany had to seek more money and power.

A Parilment

• Including not only the nobles and also commons
• Convaations was paretly driven by by this need.
• EDwads starated and and have power and representation.

The two of three estats

• Clergy religious
• Nobility the Land
• Commoners "burgress"
• The first the time commoners specifally to the the Parliament.

Edwards commong goals

• He needed the finance and finance support from the commoners to help military.

Structue of One925 Parliment

• The house conisting from bishops.
• Consisting from bishops and abots.

Iimportanc and legathy

• The financial control by envoling the commonres
• Ewdards was ebal to sercure the the taxes he needed to wars and his son.
• Reprentation.

Edwards Personal

• Eddward Married Elanore
• They had Strong affection and 16 children

Ascenton Throve

• Eddward deid the the throne at age of 23
• Edwards was the new Capabale he was his father.

Struffles whith Mob

• Edward relation with royalty exspecially with the bastons
• Edward the favtor of individuald and the the cornuwall led to supicons

queen descents a the crisis

• One ogf the traicr aspect and Edward reign
• They reltainship with with isbella off france

Henry Reign, the three goals

• Edwatd a signifaat impoct
• All power wnet to ewards

King age of 1937 and the father depostions

• King of Engaknds
• King had three main things.

Edwards most known.

• The involvment in with the the hundards Years 1337and 1453.

Edwards army and long power

• Edwards a key factor in France.
• The English ussing power decicied the the french Arny in 1354.

1356-1360

• The beaty takjres place in france
• France has the agreemnt.

black death

• Strike England has adepot and has the outcone afewt
• This afffect throug -The ebolsh power of the fudal

Richerd Life.

• Son Edwards and and sun dward black .
• When edwards became .

Charles athourity

• REbellion and tax and onwaring with with frajnce .

rebebl power

• Howevr the revolt was supooressed.
• The demnds does not meed.

Power In the King

• Eddward became control power and in 22 take ciontrol .
• The allenciant has has infloamnce adnd did noo see side

power and the authroity

• Assoer authoriy has as his authority on .
• He tool the the power nobles.
• Banishes Henry Bokibroke from the son from joihn gount.

Henry 4.

• Sited and and and the the the the the first of trhe lanactrian .
• EDdward the the that come to throne be the the the heird and he come .

Power

• Was trhu in England
• He did great agis

power of the frensnh

• The marriage great gpower was edwards by son .
• And they wnat power too fencrh trhone and their .

Henry army

• HIs famous aithmnet with campgains with france throne and kinfdonds.
• On of october near army was incornterred by laker french .
• The 100 yesrs war and solidifying he rweroutatiion.

reign chartactersitics

• He lacked the strong quality of his father
• He found the asswert power .

most signifucant failrues

• Loosing and of Ebgkish Territrys.
• Edwards undrewas in 14 54.

jina art French

• He was a pwrwsent by the boy

The battle of stillon as the a desisive

• Victory in 1453 .

POliticakl Charhes engalnder

• The war signoficly weaneer
• The wsr conbitured to parsliemnt Power
• The peasant wasrs.

Edward England After

• After the the french
• France heloped soley .
• They was a toed of

Fmamcine Ecomincs

• Both france were with the power
• In france therr was a dwecreqsing outpou

The end of the war.

• decline power planted.
• The war weakned internal coonfflictd .

###Henry VII Power

• The marry Elizabeth of YOrjk united the two factions.
• He utilized royal Cpirts .
• His reign was careful to manage fininced.

Power allinace

• Henruy Marrige not all faction.

Arhtut marry

• Katherine

Henry marry VII marget the King Jame of scotlands

###Henry VIII early.

• Athkertic early . the center of culture in entertainmen .
• marryed the arthyr of older borhter arhtyur married Katherine.

###Henry seek

• Henry becames and has male
• Henry was anull marriage.
• He has has be come

###Edward

• Became Henry and king in 1540.
• Supememacya the church of England.

###Power of the marriage

• Katherine mary
• Anne Eilabeth.

###Jane and edawards

• And she died after give sirth

###Annd cves no children so was not suitable for King.

Catherine

• No children catrhene

###With romes

• Henry Katherine but on
• Annee bllnle
• He belied that should be for eddsison

#####Thomas Crwomel ro,le

• Cromwell was central

• That and chruch was in egnaknd
• Hecromewell
• They help the cathlici
• They translation to the bybesla.

• The archibishop of cautrtuberry
• Anme and edescrbe to the literauls.

###Charles the Holy Roman empire

• Power.

Edward VI

: Was signifactnt religious.

###Mary and Tudior

• Henry eight

Elizabth 1

• Elizabeth a great in Englishs
• Power
• Elizabeth reatsen the power prtestiain
• She reighn the defeat of the spansish

###Elizabeth Death

• Elishabeth Death she was succedessded

Edwards and uniform.

• Theact .
• Compenatate bpratctices from power

Eighttwar

• Began inn ehatherland.
• The tenions had been resing.
• Protest.
• Was repkied the relgosi .

treaty of non sucgh

• With lizabteh and dutchs.

lizazbet and the great power

• Lizabth to pprovide minltarry.

francis dralce

• Is an exoloer for engljash a

mary stuart of the

• The french

mary succeeass

maru.

• babignton olto A caholoic assisantation

Spain power

• The war set the stage fo rthe facmo
• Spain armadad.

spain

lizabth and armda

• The maruon .
• The catgols and power.

Inisgnt of power

• hUGH Of oNEILS
• Oneillis

• power liam ldoeyd

• Is pm from UK to 1923
• He ldes the counr with yhe first owr.

He spported what

• . The national socail intterance atce

Minister of power charhill

• Powerd of mitions power.

###Churhcil power mitions.

• He took plca etp wuppor.
• Mirtau

labot

• The labour patry mark .
• The victory.

• Ramsay macdonand. Power for . Irlandd East rish

• .The easr . Iricsh war after independace
• Stanley bahwl

• Stalnely bldwuin
• Stanley bdiwm

• winston churshil
• Winatons

• Edwards abdocation Power from the the the .