Sex Steroid Hormones: Estradiol and Progesterone Levels

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What is the typical estradiol level in women during post-menopause?

200-400 pg/mL

10-60 pg/mL

17-200 pg/mL

7-40 pg/mL (correct)

What is the primary role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the HPG axis?

Regulating testosterone production

Stimulating the release of FSH and LH (correct)

Inhibiting estradiol production

Maintaining pregnancy

What is the typical progesterone level in women during the first trimester of pregnancy?

11.2 to 90.0 ng/mL (correct)

25.6 to 89.4 ng/mL

5 to 20 ng/mL

< 1 ng/mL

What is the typical testosterone level in adult men?

204-904 ng/dL Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of LH and FSH in the HPG axis?

GnRH Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical estradiol level in men?

10-60 pg/mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical progesterone level in adult men?

< 1 ng/mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of FSH in the HPG axis?

Supporting follicular development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of progesterone action on the cervix during pregnancy?

Decreased penetration by sperm Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of estrogen liver deficiencies in males?

Increased testosterone levels and potentially fertility or metabolic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in females during adulthood?

Ovulation and maintenance of bone mass Signup and view all the answers

Where are progesterone receptors located abundantly in the body?

Brain, pituitary, and reproductive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of estrogen in males during puberty?

Pubertal growth and skeletal growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of estrogen receptor deficiencies in the body?

Gonadal atrophy and metabolic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in females during puberty?

Development of secondary sex characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?

Preparation of the gland for lactation Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor of steroid hormone synthesis?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen excess on the body?

Fat accumulation and gynecomastia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GnRH in the regulation of sex steroid hormones?

Stimulates the release of LH and FSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

Binding to nuclear receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progesterone receptors?

To bind progesterone and modulate gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important progestin steroid?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Why is a high dose of micronized progesterone preparation required?

Due to almost complete metabolism in first passage through the liver Signup and view all the answers

Where is progesterone synthesized from cholesterol?

In the ovary, testis, adrenal gland, and placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of progesterone in females?

Preparation of the uterus for pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on lipoprotein lipase activity?

It stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on cervical secretions?

It decreases pH and thickening of cervical secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on body temperature?

It increases body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on nitrogen excretion?

It increases nitrogen excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on endometrium?

It causes endometrium to become secretory Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on estrogen-driven proliferation?

It decreases estrogen-driven proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone on uterine contractility during pregnancy?

It suppresses uterine contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?

To prepare the endometrium for implantation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

It regresses and the endometrium is shed Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of hCG production if fertilization does occur?

Blastocyst and later placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

To initiate and maintain secondary sex characteristics and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels if fertilization does occur?

They are maintained Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

To produce progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the regression of the corpus luteum?

Menstruation Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of epithelial cell secretions in the menstrual cycle?

They prepare the endometrium for implantation Signup and view all the answers