40 Questions
What is the typical estradiol level in women during post-menopause?
7-40 pg/mL
What is the primary role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the HPG axis?
Stimulating the release of FSH and LH
What is the typical progesterone level in women during the first trimester of pregnancy?
11.2 to 90.0 ng/mL
What is the typical testosterone level in adult men?
204-904 ng/dL
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of LH and FSH in the HPG axis?
GnRH
What is the typical estradiol level in men?
10-60 pg/mL
What is the typical progesterone level in adult men?
< 1 ng/mL
What is the primary role of FSH in the HPG axis?
Supporting follicular development
What is the primary mechanism of progesterone action on the cervix during pregnancy?
Decreased penetration by sperm
What is the consequence of estrogen liver deficiencies in males?
Increased testosterone levels and potentially fertility or metabolic abnormalities
What is the primary function of estrogen in females during adulthood?
Ovulation and maintenance of bone mass
Where are progesterone receptors located abundantly in the body?
Brain, pituitary, and reproductive tract
What is the role of estrogen in males during puberty?
Pubertal growth and skeletal growth
What is the consequence of estrogen receptor deficiencies in the body?
Gonadal atrophy and metabolic abnormalities
What is the primary function of estrogen in females during puberty?
Development of secondary sex characteristics
What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?
Preparation of the gland for lactation
What is the precursor of steroid hormone synthesis?
Cholesterol
What is the effect of estrogen excess on the body?
Fat accumulation and gynecomastia
What is the role of GnRH in the regulation of sex steroid hormones?
Stimulates the release of LH and FSH
What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?
Binding to nuclear receptors
What is the function of progesterone receptors?
To bind progesterone and modulate gene expression
What is the most important progestin steroid?
Progesterone
Why is a high dose of micronized progesterone preparation required?
Due to almost complete metabolism in first passage through the liver
Where is progesterone synthesized from cholesterol?
In the ovary, testis, adrenal gland, and placenta
What is the primary function of progesterone in females?
Preparation of the uterus for pregnancy
What is the effect of progesterone on lipoprotein lipase activity?
It stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity
What is the effect of progesterone on cervical secretions?
It decreases pH and thickening of cervical secretions
What is the effect of progesterone on body temperature?
It increases body temperature
What is the effect of progesterone on nitrogen excretion?
It increases nitrogen excretion
What is the effect of progesterone on endometrium?
It causes endometrium to become secretory
What is the effect of progesterone on estrogen-driven proliferation?
It decreases estrogen-driven proliferation
What is the effect of progesterone on uterine contractility during pregnancy?
It suppresses uterine contractility
What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?
To prepare the endometrium for implantation
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
It regresses and the endometrium is shed
What is the source of hCG production if fertilization does occur?
Blastocyst and later placenta
What is the primary function of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
To initiate and maintain secondary sex characteristics and metabolism
What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels if fertilization does occur?
They are maintained
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
To produce progesterone
What is the result of the regression of the corpus luteum?
Menstruation
What is the importance of epithelial cell secretions in the menstrual cycle?
They prepare the endometrium for implantation
This quiz covers the levels of estradiol and progesterone, the main sex steroid hormones, in men and women at different stages of life, including pre-ovulation, post-menopause, and pregnancy.
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