Sequence Homology in Molecular Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of analyzing sequence homology between different species?

  • To construct phylogenetic trees and classify organisms (correct)
  • To study the structure and function of individual proteins
  • To identify gene duplication events within a single species
  • To compare the evolution of different hemoglobin variants

    • Which of the following terms refers to similar sequences that have diverged within the same species due to gene duplication?

  • Homologs
  • Orthologs
  • Analogs
  • Paralogs (correct)

    • If hemoglobin A and hemoglobin B are paralogs, what can be inferred about their relationship?

  • They are unrelated sequences with no evolutionary connection
  • They are found in the same species and arose from a gene duplication event (correct)
  • They are different variants of hemoglobin found in different tissues of the same organism
  • They are found in different species and evolved from a common ancestor

    • Which type of paralogs are genes or sequences that have duplicated after the last speciation event?

    <p>Sym-paralogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes genes or sequences that have duplicated before the last speciation event?

    <p>Allo-paralogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If two sequences are identified as orthologs, what can be inferred about their relationship?

    <p>They are homologous sequences found in different species that evolved from a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences are the result of gene duplication events?

    <p>Paralogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sequences share a common ancestral sequence between distantly related organisms?

    <p>Xenologs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences have similar structure or function but do not share a common ancestral sequence?

    <p>Analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of sequence alignment in bioinformatics?

    <p>To determine the similarity between different sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences can be used for alignment in bioinformatics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an alignment in bioinformatics?

    <p>An arrangement of two or more related sequences in a successive order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gap opening penalty used in the text?

    <p>-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gap extension penalty used in the text?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would a mismatch be better than adding gaps in both sequences according to the text?

    <p>Alignment does not make sense when both deletion and insertion occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total score for the alignment presented in the text?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is represented by the letter 'P' in the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix shown in the text?

    <p>Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is represented by the letter 'I' in the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix shown in the text?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between identity and similarity for protein sequences?

    <p>Identity refers to the percentage of exact matches between aligned sequences, while similarity refers to the percentage of aligned residues that share similar characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify proteins?

    <p>Hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If sequence A is identical to sequence B, and sequence B is identical to sequence C, does it necessarily mean that sequence A is identical to sequence C?

    <p>No, even if A is identical to B and B is identical to C, A may not be identical to C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'identity' refer to in the context of nucleotide sequences (DNA & RNA)?

    <p>The percentage of exact matches between two aligned sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If sequence A is 85% identical to sequence C, what can be inferred about the relationship between sequences A, B, and C?

    <p>No inference can be made about the relationship between sequences A, B, and C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>The terms 'identity' and 'similarity' have different meanings for both nucleotide and protein sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons provided in the text for conducting sequence alignment?

    <p>Identifying homologous genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a good alignment between a gene from another organism and an open reading frame (ORF)?

    <p>There is strong evidence that the ORF is a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique can be used to estimate the probability of an open reading frame (ORF) actually constituting a gene?

    <p>Gene prediction algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context provided, what is a key application of gene finding?

    <p>Predicting gene locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can sequence alignment aid in function prediction according to the text?

    <p>By identifying homologous genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of genome analysis involves using alignments to assemble genome sequences?

    <p>Genome Sequence Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

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