Septic Tank vs Cesspool

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What is the main purpose of a septic tank?

To allow sewage solids to settle anaerobically (correct)

To provide leaching of wastewater by sides

To discharge effluent from bathrooms and kitchens

To store settled matter for up to 5 years

How often should water-tight cesspools be cleaned?

Once every 24 hours

Every 1-5 years

At regular intervals depending on sewage volume

Every 6 months (correct)

What characterizes a cesspool suitable for porous soils?

Bottom well above ground water level

Allows water to disappear in 24 hours (correct)

Large capacity with no leaching

Loose lining by stone or brick

Why are seepage pits needed?

To discharge effluent from septic tanks or cesspools Signup and view all the answers

In what way do seepage pits and cesspools differ?

Cesspools are filled with stones Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum recommended capacity for a cesspool per person per month?

70 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement commonly used to express concentrations of air pollutants?

mg/m3 Signup and view all the answers

To convert from volumetric units to mass per unit volume and vice versa, what factor needs to be considered?

Gas Density Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume in liters occupied by 1 mole of an ideal gas at standard conditions (0°C and 1 atm)?

22.4 liters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an air pollutant mentioned in the text?

Carbonated Beverages Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the adverse effects mentioned in relation to high concentrations of air pollutants?

Lung Disease Signup and view all the answers

What environmental effect can air pollution have on materials such as rubber?

Degradation Signup and view all the answers

In societies with rapidly developing industries, why may there be insufficient investment in air pollution control?

Economic and Social Priorities Signup and view all the answers

'Mega cities' are characterized by what environmental issue mentioned in the text?

'Mega Pollution' Signup and view all the answers

'Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment.' What is a key aspect of this definition?

'Undesirable Effects' Signup and view all the answers

'Air pollution can also affect the quality of life in general.' What is used as an example to illustrate this point?

'Increased Risk for Health' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why air pollution has been difficult to document with certainty?

Methodological problems in assessing exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which health effect is associated with high levels of air pollution?

Mucosal irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of air pollutants like particulates or photochemical oxidants at high levels?

Severe eye irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is a health risk associated with exposure to lead from air pollution?

Learning disabilities in children Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant tends to occur mostly during the summer months in developed areas?

Ozone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pollutants is classified as a Criteria Pollutant according to the US-EPA?

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the increased risk of chronic respiratory disease associated with Total Suspended Particulate matter (TSP)?

Inhalation of enough TSP over time Signup and view all the answers

Which activity does NOT contribute to the sources of Total Suspended Particulate matter?

Recycling programs Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is colorless but has a suffocating, pungent odor?

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)?

Vehicle traffic Signup and view all the answers

What can exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) lead to?

Reduced oxygen in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which secondary pollutant is formed when sunlight causes photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs?

Tropospheric ozone (O3) Signup and view all the answers

What are hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) known for?

Causing cancer or serious health effects Signup and view all the answers

Why is radon considered an indoor air pollutant?

It originates from radioactive minerals in the earth's crust Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of lead (Pb) emission into the atmosphere?

Lead smelters Signup and view all the answers

Which activity can contribute to elevated concentrations of harmful chemicals indoors?

Cooking Signup and view all the answers

What are toxic air pollutants known for causing?

'Reproductive effects or birth defects' Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary air pollutants from secondary air pollutants?

Primary pollutants are directly emitted into the atmosphere, while secondary pollutants are formed as a result of reactions in the atmosphere. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide according to studies mentioned in the text?

Broncho constriction Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is particularly susceptible to the effects of sulfur dioxide?

Persons with asthma Signup and view all the answers

How do acid aerosols such as sulfur dioxide and sulfates tend to deposit in the lungs?

Deeply in the distal lung and airspace Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health effect associated with nitrogen dioxide exposure?

Increased infectious lower respiratory disease in children Signup and view all the answers

How is nitrogen dioxide primarily produced?

By combustion Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant has been implicated in causing mortality in association with ultrafine particulates?

$SO_2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the WHO guideline level for exposure to nitrogen dioxide for 24 hours?

$150 ext{ }rac{ ext{μg}}{ ext{m}^3}$ (0.08 ppm) Signup and view all the answers