41 Questions
What is the main purpose of a septic tank?
To allow sewage solids to settle anaerobically
How often should water-tight cesspools be cleaned?
Every 6 months
What characterizes a cesspool suitable for porous soils?
Allows water to disappear in 24 hours
Why are seepage pits needed?
To discharge effluent from septic tanks or cesspools
In what way do seepage pits and cesspools differ?
Cesspools are filled with stones
What is the minimum recommended capacity for a cesspool per person per month?
70 liters
What is the unit of measurement commonly used to express concentrations of air pollutants?
mg/m3
To convert from volumetric units to mass per unit volume and vice versa, what factor needs to be considered?
Gas Density
What is the volume in liters occupied by 1 mole of an ideal gas at standard conditions (0°C and 1 atm)?
22.4 liters
Which of the following is NOT considered an air pollutant mentioned in the text?
Carbonated Beverages
What is one of the adverse effects mentioned in relation to high concentrations of air pollutants?
Lung Disease
What environmental effect can air pollution have on materials such as rubber?
Degradation
In societies with rapidly developing industries, why may there be insufficient investment in air pollution control?
Economic and Social Priorities
'Mega cities' are characterized by what environmental issue mentioned in the text?
'Mega Pollution'
'Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment.' What is a key aspect of this definition?
'Undesirable Effects'
'Air pollution can also affect the quality of life in general.' What is used as an example to illustrate this point?
'Increased Risk for Health'
What is the main reason why air pollution has been difficult to document with certainty?
Methodological problems in assessing exposure
Which health effect is associated with high levels of air pollution?
Mucosal irritation
What is a characteristic of air pollutants like particulates or photochemical oxidants at high levels?
Severe eye irritation
What is a health risk associated with exposure to lead from air pollution?
Learning disabilities in children
Which pollutant tends to occur mostly during the summer months in developed areas?
Ozone
Which of the following pollutants is classified as a Criteria Pollutant according to the US-EPA?
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
What contributes to the increased risk of chronic respiratory disease associated with Total Suspended Particulate matter (TSP)?
Inhalation of enough TSP over time
Which activity does NOT contribute to the sources of Total Suspended Particulate matter?
Recycling programs
Which gas is colorless but has a suffocating, pungent odor?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
What is the primary source of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)?
Vehicle traffic
What can exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) lead to?
Reduced oxygen in the bloodstream
Which secondary pollutant is formed when sunlight causes photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs?
Tropospheric ozone (O3)
What are hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) known for?
Causing cancer or serious health effects
Why is radon considered an indoor air pollutant?
It originates from radioactive minerals in the earth's crust
What is a primary source of lead (Pb) emission into the atmosphere?
Lead smelters
Which activity can contribute to elevated concentrations of harmful chemicals indoors?
Cooking
What are toxic air pollutants known for causing?
'Reproductive effects or birth defects'
What distinguishes primary air pollutants from secondary air pollutants?
Primary pollutants are directly emitted into the atmosphere, while secondary pollutants are formed as a result of reactions in the atmosphere.
What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide according to studies mentioned in the text?
Broncho constriction
Which group of individuals is particularly susceptible to the effects of sulfur dioxide?
Persons with asthma
How do acid aerosols such as sulfur dioxide and sulfates tend to deposit in the lungs?
Deeply in the distal lung and airspace
What is a significant health effect associated with nitrogen dioxide exposure?
Increased infectious lower respiratory disease in children
How is nitrogen dioxide primarily produced?
By combustion
Which pollutant has been implicated in causing mortality in association with ultrafine particulates?
$SO_2$
What is the WHO guideline level for exposure to nitrogen dioxide for 24 hours?
$150 ext{ }rac{ ext{μg}}{ ext{m}^3}$ (0.08 ppm)
Learn about the differences between septic tanks and cesspools, including their structures and functions. Explore how these systems manage sewage and wastewater disposal.
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