43 Questions
What is the main purpose of a septic tank?
To store and digest sewage solids anaerobically
How often should a water-tight cesspool be cleaned?
Every 6 months
What happens when the sides of a cesspool get clogged?
The leaching capacity reduces
What type of soil is best suitable for cesspools?
Porous soil
What is the difference between a seepage pit and a cesspool?
A seepage pit discharges effluent while a cesspool leaches wastewater into soil
Why is it essential for the bottom of a cesspool to be well above the ground water level?
To prevent contamination of groundwater
What is the unit of measurement commonly used to express concentrations of air pollutants?
Milligrams per cubic meter
Which of the following substances is NOT considered an air pollutant in the text?
Nitrogen
At what concentration level does a substance become considered an air pollutant in the text?
When its concentration is relatively high compared to background levels
What is the relationship between parts per million (ppm) and milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) based on the text?
$1 ppm = 0.0001% by volume$
What factor affects the relationship between parts per million (ppm) and milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3)?
Temperature
How is air pollution defined in the text?
Any atmospheric condition with high concentrations of substances causing undesirable effects
What is the volume occupied by 1 mole of an ideal gas at standard conditions according to the text?
$22.4$ liters
Why might some rapidly developing societies not invest in air pollution control according to the text?
Economic and social priorities take precedence over pollution control
What is the primary source of sulfur dioxide (SO2)?
Combustion of sulfur-containing fuels like oil and coal
Which gas plays a role in the formation of tropospheric ozone?
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)
What is the main source of carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere?
Motor vehicles
What can lead to reduced visibility and respiratory diseases?
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)
Which pollutant is a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs?
Ozone (O3)
What is one of the main contributors to indoor pollution?
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Where do geogenic sources of indoor air pollution originate from?
Earth's crust or atmospheric gases
Which pollutant is colorless but has a suffocating, pungent odor?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
What can exposure to lead (Pb) affect in the human body?
Blood, kidneys, and nervous system
What constitutes Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)?
Pollutants causing or may cause cancer or other serious health effects
What are the major health effects caused by community air pollution according to the text?
Heart disease and lung disease
What is a characteristic mucosal irritation caused by high levels of air pollution?
Acute or chronic bronchitis
Which pollutants tend to occur together in association with traffic, especially in sunny regions?
Ozone and oxides of nitrogen
What is a source of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) as per the text?
Construction activities
Which of the following is NOT a criterion pollutant regulated by US-EPA and most countries?
$CO_2$
What is the main cause of respiratory symptoms as mentioned in the text?
$PM$ from various sources
Which health effect may result from accumulated lead exposure due to air pollution?
$CNS$ effects and learning disabilities
What is a significant cause of cancer associated with community air pollution mentioned in the text?
$As$ released from smelters with poor controls
What can be said about the relationship between air pollution and cancer according to the text?
Community air pollution is a significant cause of cancer.
What population shows better characterization of health effects from air pollution according to the text?
Communities as a whole are better understood.
What are primary air pollutants?
Pollutants emitted directly into the atmosphere by sources
Which pollutant was a serious problem in air pollution during industrialization?
Sulfur Dioxide
What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide on the respiratory system?
Broncho constriction
Who is particularly susceptible to the effects of sulfur dioxide?
Individuals with asthma
What is a major constituent of air pollution capable of forming acid?
Sulfate
Which pollutant is created by the oxidation of Nitric Oxide?
Nitrogen Dioxide
What are the guideline levels for exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide according to WHO?
$400 μg/m3$ for one hour and $150 μg/m3$ for 24 hours
What are the direct effects of nitrogen oxide on the respiratory system?
$Increased$ infectious lower respiratory disease in children and higher asthmatic problems
$SO2$ and sulfates are principal chemical species that cause what phenomenon?
$Acid precipitation$
Test your knowledge on septic tanks and cesspools, which are systems used for wastewater treatment and disposal. Learn about the functioning of septic tanks and cesspools, as well as their maintenance requirements.
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