Self-Report Method in Research
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Questions and Answers

Match the type of self-report with its description:

Questionnaire = A set of questions given in written form. Diary Entry = Participants record thoughts or events over a specific period. Psychometric Test = A series of standardized, closed questions measuring mental characteristics. Interview = A series of verbal questions given face-to-face.

Match the following terms with their correct definition within the context of data collection:

Quantitative Data = Numerical data expressing quantity, amount, or range, useful for statistical tests. Qualitative Data = Non-numerical data with detailed descriptions, useful for providing explanations. Open Questions = Questions allowing participants to respond in their own words, providing detailed answers. Closed Questions = Questions with limited available responses providing easily quantified data.

Match the type of closed question with its description:

Fixed Choice = Requires participants to choose a response (e.g., 'yes' or 'no'). Checklist = Offers a list of options from which participants choose one or more. Ranking = Requires participants to order options according to a specified criterion. Likert Scale = Participants indicate their agreement or disagreement with a statement on a scale.

Match each type of interview with its appropriate description:

<p>Structured Interview = Predetermined questions are asked in the same way and order to each interviewee. Semi-structured Interview = Interview with guidelines on questions and topics, but deviations are allowed. Unstructured Interview = Only the topic is planned, with no specific predetermined questions. Focus Group = A group interview with open-ended questions used for gathering qualitative data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms for evaluating self-reports with their definitions:

<p>Internal Validity = Does the self-report measure what it is supposed to measure? External Validity = Do the results apply to real-life situations? Population Validity = Can the results be generalised to the target population? Ecological Validity = How well do the results apply to real life situations and environments?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description to the correct method for improving reliability in self-report measures:

<p>Test-retest = Administering the same test to the same participants and comparing results. Split-half = Assessing internal consistency by dividing a test in half and comparing the two halves. Inter-rater = Multiple researchers analyze qualitative data and compare their data Parallel Forms = Make one version of the test, and then create a slightly different version to give to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using a questionnaire requires you to make a large number of decisions. Match the decision to the reasoning:

<p>Removing Leading Questions = To avoid influencing participants to socially desirable responses. Adding Open Questions = To collect relevant qualitative data on the issue being researched. Ensuring a Representative Sample = To achieve unbiased data and improve generalizability. Making Questionnaires Anonymous = To encourage honest responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the strength of questionnaires to the justification:

<p>Easy to Administer = Can be distributed through mail or email facilitating broader reach. Time and Cost Efficient = Reduces expenses related to data collection. Large Sample Size = Makes it easier to study a large population. Statistical Tests Possible = Numerical form allows responses to be easily compared and analyzed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the weakness of questionnaires to the justification:

<p>Response Bias = Tendency to select certain answers regularly impacts answers. Misinterpretation of Questions = Yields invalid and incomparable results. Limited Representation of Answers = True answer is not an option which may give unrealistic results. Difficult to Categorize = Open questions and qualitative data makes it difficult to categorize</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the strength of structured interviews to the justification:

<p>Easily Replicated = The approach allows for exact duplication of the research method. Quick Approach = A set amount of time is required for each participant. Ensuring Methodological Reliability = Standardization ensures that the quality of measurement will be consistent. Quantifiable Results = Closed ended questions generate results that are easy to quantify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self-Report

A method of gathering data where participants provide information about themselves, without interference from the experimenter.

Quantitative Data

Data expressing quantity or range, often with units.

Qualitative Data

Non-numerical data with detailed descriptions explaining data.

Questionnaire

A set of questions in written form.

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Open Questions

Participants respond in their own words, giving as much detail as they choose.

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Closed Questions

Available responses are limited, and easily quantified.

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Fixed Choice

The participant must choose a response from given choices.

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Checklist

The participant is given a list of options to respond to and chooses one/as many that apply.

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Ranking

Participants put a list of options into order as instructed by the question.

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Likert Scale

Participants indicate on a scale how much they agree with a statement given.

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Study Notes

Self-Report Method

  • A way to collect data where participants share information about their thoughts and behaviors without the experimenter's interference.

Types of Self-Reports

  • Questionnaires: Sets of written questions.
  • Interviews: Face-to-face verbal questions between an interviewer and interviewee.
  • Diary Entries: Participants record thoughts, events, or responses over time.
  • Psychometric Tests: Standardized questions measuring mental characteristics.

Self-Reports in Studies

  • They can measure the dependent variable (DV).
  • They can gather data on a subject without manipulating an independent variable (IV).
  • Information is often subjective and from the individual's perspective.

Example of Self-Report

  • An experimenter studies if temperature affects mood.
  • The temperature is measured, and participants rate their mood on a scale.

Types of Data

  • Quantitative Data: Numerical data with units, good for comparison and statistical tests.
  • Qualitative Data: Non-numerical, descriptive data, useful for details but harder to compare.

Questionnaires Explained

  • They’re sets of questions in written format.

Open Questions

  • They supply qualitative data, allowing detailed responses in the participant's own words.
  • An example would be "What is your favorite childhood memory?"

Closed Questions

  • They supply quantitative data, which limits responses makes quantification easier.

Types of Closed Questions

  • Fixed Choice: Select responses like "yes" or "no”.
  • Checklist: Pick one or more options from a list.
  • Ranking: Order options as instructed.
  • Likert Scale: Rate agreement with a statement.
  • Semantic Differential Scale: Choose between contrasting adjectives.

Strengths of Questionnaires

  • Easy to administer via post or email.
  • They can be applied to large samples.
  • Time and Cost efficient, especially when sent by email
  • Quantitative data from closed questions are easy to compare, analyze, and use in statistical tests.
  • Open questions reveal personal perspectives and reasons.
  • Demand characteristics and social desirability bias are less likely, offering more valid data.
  • Gaining data for some topics such as opinions and thoughts is the only option.

Weaknesses of Questionnaires

  • There may be response bias, for example, always choosing a certain answer and skipping questions.
  • Participants might misinterpret questions.
  • Open questions give data that is difficult to analyze and categorize.
  • Allocated closed question responses may not represent the true answer.

Interviews Explained

  • They are a series of spoken questions asked face-to-face.

Structured Interview

  • It has predetermined questions asked in the same way.
  • Closed-ended questions can be quantified.

Strengths of Structured Interviews

  • Easily replicable.
  • Quick and completed in the same time by each participant.
  • Ensuring methodological reliability due to standardization.

Weaknesses of Structured Interviews

  • Inflexible, key details may be missed since new questions can't be asked.
  • Only quantitative data is gained, lacking detail.

Semi-structured Interview

  • It has guidelines on questions to ask and topics to cover.
  • Can deviate based on what other relevant topics may be raised.
  • With both open/closed questions, timing and phrasing can vary.

Strengths of Semi-Structured Interviews

  • Enables additional details.
  • Data can be used for comparison to an extent.

Weaknesses of Semi-Structured Interviews

  • Qualitative data is difficult to use in statistical tests.
  • Researcher bias may occur via leading questions.

Unstructured Interview

  • Only the topic is planned, questions are open.
  • The process is like a 'guided conversation'.

Strengths of Unstructured Interviews

  • Increased concurrent validity as the interviewer can clarify questions.
  • Flexibility allows for extra data.

Weaknesses of Unstructured Interviews

  • Interviews must avoid bias, which requires trained interviewers, which is not cost effective.
  • Analysing/categorizing qualitative data is difficult.
  • Makes finding significant results harder.

Diary Entries Explained

  • A form of self-report appearing in sections C.
  • Participants record thoughts or events on a topic.

Diary Entries Usage

  • Participants notes side effects or thoughts.
  • Qualitative data can be gained from large sample quickly.
  • There is minimal bias, it's difficult to compare or analyze statistically.

Psychometric Tests Explained

  • Standardized questions measure mental characteristics.
  • Could include IQ scores if the tests administer the results via a questionnaire.

Psychometric Tests Usage

  • They measure characteristics so that data is compared and analysed from results.
  • They are used alongside job interviews.
  • They measure individual's cognitive abilities to relate to job tasks.

Self-Report Validity

  • Internal: Does the report measure what it should?
  • External: Do the results apply to real life?
  • Population: Can the results be generalized to a population?
  • Ecological: Do the results apply to real-life situations?

Improving Validity

  • Remove leading questions or opportunities for bias
  • Add open questions for relevant qualitative data.
  • Ensure the sample is representative.

Reliability

  • Test-retest checks consistency over time.
  • Split-half tests consistency by splitting a test in half

Improving Reliability

  • Use split-half method and test-retest.
  • Standardize procedures and train interviewers.
  • Provide detailed instructions to avoid ambiguity.

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Description

Explore the self-report method for data collection, where participants share thoughts and behaviors. Learn types like questionnaires, interviews, and diary entries. Understand how self-reports measure dependent variables and gather subjective data.

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