Data Collection Methods Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the different types of data collection?

  • Self report (correct)
  • Test (correct)
  • Behavioral measures (correct)
  • Physical measures (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What is the purpose of self-report data?

    To measure how people think and report how they feel, act, and think

    What are the possible problems with self-report data?

  • Truthfulness
  • Accuracy of memory
  • Interpretation of the question
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What are the possible delivery methods for self-report data?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of self-administered data?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of telephone data?

    <p>Higher response rate (A), Opportunity for clarification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of personal interviews?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of questions?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "closed-ended" refer to, in the context of questions?

    <p>Participants must choose from a number of alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of questions that make up a Rating Scales?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with "Loaded questions"?

    <p>Contains unproved accusation/assumption or emotionally laden terms. It makes respondent ‘shameful’ or ‘guilty’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with "Double barreled questions"?

    <p>Asks more than 1 thing at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of interviews?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informal conversational interviews are usually unguided and extremely flexible, making them the hardest to summarize.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semi-structured interviews are more like a conversation, making them semi-guided.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Standard open-ended interviews are completely structured and the least flexible, but also the easiest to summarize.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of test data?

    <p>Instrument used to assess individual differences in various content areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible problems with "Test data"?

    <p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of "Behavioral measures"?

    <p>Observation and recording of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible problems with "Behavioral measures"?

    <p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of physical measures?

    <p>Measures of bodily activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible problems with "Physical measures"

    <p>Both of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of data?

    <p>Both of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quantitative variable?

    <p>A variable for which the numeric score represents a change in quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods used to organize and summarize data?

    <p>Both of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a frequency distribution?

    <p>Information on number of observations for each variable. All scores listed: ‘f’ = # of times each score occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A histogram is a type of bar graph that displays the frequency distribution of continuous data.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bar graph uses bars to show the frequency distribution of categorical data, but does not connect the bars because it does not represent any sort of continuity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A frequency polygon uses the same data as a histogram but connects the points to show the distribution of the data over time, or in a continuous way.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pie charts are used to show the difference in frequencies or percentages, and are best used for categorical data such as nominal or ordinal data.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information did the practice case study have?

    <p>Jane is conducting a study gaining information about fitness trends among university students. She is trying to see if students spend more time looking at fitness content on Instagram or Tik Tok. She used interviews and a survey to collect data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Collection Objectives

    • Students will understand different data collection methods (self-report, tests, behavioral measures, physical measures).
    • Students will learn how to use different data collection tools effectively.
    • Students will be able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each data collection tool.
    • Students will know which graph type is suitable for different datasets.

    Self-Report Data

    • Participants respond to researcher's questions using their own input.
    • Measures how people think, feel, and act.
    • Can be quantitative or qualitative.
    • Examples include questionnaires, surveys, and interviews.
    • Potential issues include truthfulness, accuracy of memory, and interpretation of the question itself.

    Question Delivery Methods

    • Self-Administered (Mail/Internet): Potential issues include interviewer bias, misinterpretation, and low response rate.
    • Telephone: Potential issues include low response rate, time constraints, and socially desirable responses.
    • Personal Interview: Potential issues include low response rate, time limitations, interviewer bias, and lack of anonymity.

    Question Styles: Closed-Ended

    • Quantitative: Participants choose from provided options.
    • Example: A multiple choice or checkbox question.

    Question Styles: Rating Scales

    • Quantitative: Participants rate something on a numerical scale.
    • Example: A Likert scale (e.g., Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree).

    Question Styles: Open-Ended

    • Qualitative: Participants formulate their own responses.
    • Example: An open-ended question requiring an essay response.

    Question Errors

    • Loaded Questions: Contain assumptions or emotionally charged language that influence the response.
    • Leading Questions: Lead the participant towards a specific answer.
    • Double-Barreled Questions: Ask more than one question at the same time.

    Where is the Error? (Example Questions)

    • Q1: "Have you stopped cheating on your exams?" - Loaded question.
    • Q2: "Are you motivated to go to the gym and lose weight?" - Leading question.
    • Q3: "Several experts have stated that fitness levels among Canadians are at their lowest - do you agree?" - Leading question.

    Interviews

    • Qualitative: Typically involve open-ended questions.
    • Recording: Usually recorded and transcribed, unless not feasible or too intrusive.
    • Types:
      • Informal conversational: Unguided, flexible, but difficult to summarize.
      • Semi-structured: Semi-guided, less flexible, easier to summarize.
      • Standard open-ended: Completely structured, least flexible, but easiest to summarize.

    Test Data

    • Instruments for assessing individual differences in various areas.
    • Potential issues include the participant's state of mind on the day of the test and accurate interpretation.

    Behavioral Measures

    • Observation and recording of behaviors.
    • Potential issues include reactivity and observer accuracy.
    • Classifying the Observation:
      • Participant vs. Non-Participant: Participant directly involved in the activity or uninvolved.
      • Disguised vs. Non-Disguised: Subjects aware or unaware of the observation.
      • Direct vs. Indirect: Observation as it happens or after the fact.

    Case Study (Example)

    • Research Question: Investigating the rate of illegal drug use among college students.
    • Setting: Researcher observes a party covertly.
    • Classification of Observation: Non-participant, disguised, realism/indirect.

    Physical Measures

    • Measurements of bodily activity.
    • Examples include equipment like scales, blood pressure cuffs, and objective tests.
    • Potential issues include equipment accuracy and conductor skill (personnel administering equipment).

    Data Practices

    • Population: University students.
    • Dependent Variable: Time spent on TikTok or Instagram.

    Data Types

    • Quantitative: Numerical data where a change in score represents a change in quantity (e.g., weight, age, VO2max).
    • Qualitative: Categorical data where each value represents a discrete category (e.g., hair color, shoe preference, dog breed).

    Organizing/Summarizing Data

    • Frequency Distributions: Information on the number of observations for each variable.
    • All scores are listed with a count of each score.
    • Shows a data pattern.

    Graphs

    • Histograms: Data points are grouped into bins and bars touch each other. Good for ordinal, interval, and ratio data.
    • Bar Graphs: Data points are separate bars that do not touch. Good for nominal data.
    • Pie Charts: Graphical representation of the relative proportions or percentages among different categories. Good for nominal data where the proportions are important.
    • Frequency Polygons: Displays data from a cumulative frequency over time using a line graph.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various data collection methods including self-report, tests, and behavioral measures. Students will explore the effectiveness of different tools and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the appropriate graph types for various datasets will be examined.

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