Self-Determination Theory

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Questions and Answers

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, what are our 3 basic psychological needs?

Autonomy, Competition, Respect
Authority, Compassion, Relatedness
Accomplishment, Control, Rationality
Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness (correct)

Define autonomy

Having a sense of control and personal choice; actions are not solely dictated by others

Define competence

Having a sense of self-efficacy and feeling capable of achieving tasks

Define relatedness

Feeling of belonging and connectedness with others Signup and view all the answers

What might you do to help meet students' need for autonomy?

Give students the opportunity to choose where they sit, how they present their work, and how they work out problems Signup and view all the answers

What might you do to help meet students' need for competence?

Recognize and celebrate progress, provide positive feedback, provide challenging but achievable tasks Signup and view all the answers

What might you do to help meet students' need for relatedness?

Teacher support, promote interaction, promote mutual respect, avoid promoting performance goals Signup and view all the answers

Define intrinsic motivation

The inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics are you likely to observe in a student who is intrinsically motivated?

They enjoy the task for the sake of the task itself. They feel control over the task, feeling in control of actions and environment. They have complete concentration Signup and view all the answers

How might teachers create activities to increase students' intrinsic motivation?

Balance between challenge and skill. Provide clear goals and clear feedback. Allow students to merge action and awareness-complete concentration Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to students' intrinsic motivation as they progress in grades? What accounts for this development?

The level of engagement in school decreases as they progress in grades. Young adolescents doubt their abilities to succeed at their schoolwork, question the value of doing their schoolwork, and decrease their effort toward academics Signup and view all the answers

According to Ryan and Deci, what is extrinsic motivation?

Performance of an activity in order to attain some outcome separate from the activity itself Signup and view all the answers

Identify the types of extrinsic motivation that lie on Ryan and Deci's developmental continuum between amotivation and intrinsic motivation

<ol> <li>External Regulation</li> <li>Introjected Regulation</li> <li>Identified Regulation</li> <li>Integrated Regulation</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of autonomy proposed by Stefanou et al.?

<ol> <li>Organizational autonomy</li> <li>Procedural autonomy</li> <li>Cognitive Autonomy</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define and give an example of organizational autonomy

Students ownership of environment, include teacher behaviors that offer students opportunities for choice over environmental procedures. Ex. Students are given the opportunity to choose where they sit Signup and view all the answers

Define and give an example of procedural autonomy

Student ownership of form - "how the learning takes place". Ex. Making a graph or choosing presentation to present science concept Signup and view all the answers

Define and give an example of cognitive autonomy

Student ownership of their learning, facilitates higher level of thinking. Ex. Students are given the opportunity to find multiple solutions to problems Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of autonomy likely to result in better student learning outcomes. Explain why.

Cognitive autonomy. This type of autonomy empowers students to explore ideas in ways that suggest students can use their unique ways of problem-solving to make meaningful conclusions. This way of learning allows students to assimilate new knowledge into their already existing framework and learn out of interest, finding meaning in the topic that centers around the subjects themselves and their personal goals. Signup and view all the answers

How does Stefanou use the phrase "catch and hold" to explain the different types of effects that the three types of autonomy are likely to have on motivation and learning?

Organizational and procedural autonomy catch students' attention by giving them agency over the superficial aspects of the classroom/coursework. Cognitive autonomy holds students' interest because it meaningfully engages them in academic tasks and empowers them to learn for the sake of interest. Signup and view all the answers

Name the four dimensions of social environment in the classroom as studies by (Ryan & Patrick).

<ol> <li>Teacher support</li> <li>Promoting interaction</li> <li>Promoting mutual respect</li> <li>Avoid promoting performance goals</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define and provide an example of teacher support

The extent to which students believe teachers value and establish personal relationships with them; involves characteristics such as caring, friendliness, understanding, dedication, and dependability, listening help student feelwelcome in the classroom. Ex. Stand at the door and high five to student when they walk in classroom Signup and view all the answers

Define and provide an example of promoting interaction

The extent to which teacher encourage or allow students to interact with one another during academic activities. Ex. Group work in classrooms Signup and view all the answers

Define and provide an example of promoting mutual respect

The way teachers communicate the values to students. Ex. Be clear and intentional about sharing in class during group or Socratic discussion Signup and view all the answers

Define and provide an example of avoid promoting performance goals

This can be harmful to adolescents' motivation because of heightened self-consciousness and sensitivity. Ex. Make the environment less about competition; assign group or individual projects that are graded on revision and progress Signup and view all the answers

What does Dweck mean by fixed mindset?

Entity belief about intelligence; believe they have a certain amount of ability and they cannot do much to change it Signup and view all the answers

What does Dweck mean by growth mindset?

Incremental belief about intelligence; believe they can develop their abilities through hard work, good strategies, and instruction from others Signup and view all the answers

What are some growth mindset statements you can use with students?

"I can see you worked really hard on this!", "That was a really well-thought-out strategy you used!", "You followed my instructions well!" Signup and view all the answers

According to research cited by Haimovitz & Dweck, (2015, pp.1854), what are practices teachers can do to promote growth mindset culture in the classroom?

<ol> <li>Teach for understanding-not for an exam</li> <li>Ask students to explain their thinking process regardless if correct or not</li> <li>Give deeper feedback</li> <li>Evaluate and praise: process of learning, explanation of thinking, incremental progress towards goals</li> <li>Student given chances to revise-celebrate growth</li> <li>Explain importance of mistakes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of praise did Dweck discover in her research that could be harmful to children's motivation?

Person-oriented praise Signup and view all the answers

What negative effects of person-oriented praise did Dweck observe in her research?

<ol> <li>Worry that failing at some task mean they are dumb</li> <li>Worry that having to work hard in order to succeed at a task showed that they were dumb</li> <li>Hooks them into becoming dependent on praise</li> <li>Makes them question their intelligence when they face setbacks</li> <li>Makes them feel stigmatized when they perform poorly</li> <li>Makes them more likely to lie about their scores/hide their performance when they perform poorly</li> <li>Makes theme consider cheating the next time if they did badly on a test</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In light of Dweck's concerns, what kinds of praise should teachers use?

Process-orietned praise Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of "growth-mindset" inducing praise from Dweck's perspective

You got it right! You worked really hard at that! Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of "fixed-mindset" inducing praise.

You got it right! You must be smart at this! Signup and view all the answers

List and define the 6 skills on Bloom's Taxonomy

<ol> <li>Creating</li> <li>Evaluating</li> <li>Analyzing</li> <li>Applying</li> <li>Understanding</li> <li>Remembering</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define creating

Formulate new point of view; generating new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things Signup and view all the answers

Define analyzing

Differentiate between the parts; breaking information into parts to explore understandings andrelationships Signup and view all the answers

Define understanding

Explaining the facts, ideas, or concepts Signup and view all the answers

Define remembering

Recall the facts Signup and view all the answers

Choose a subject you may want to teach. Then write an example of a question that would assess a) a lower order skill and then b) a higher order skills within that subject.

Lower order question: Define checks and balances. Higher order question: What are examples of checks and balances in the Constitution? Signup and view all the answers

Identify three ways Bloom's taxonomy could be useful in your teaching

Develop assessments. Build curriculum and establish learning objectives. Questioning strategies to use in the learning process Signup and view all the answers

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of large sized schools described in Chapter 6

Advantages: <ol> <li>Offer a more varied curriculum</li> <li>More athletic teams, after-school clubs, and student organizations</li> </ol> Disadvantages: <ol> <li>Student attachment to school is weaker</li> <li>Academically marginal students often feel like outsiders and rarely get involved in school activities</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of small sized schools described in Chaoter 6

Advantages: <ol> <li>Greater sense of involvement and obligation to achieve</li> <li>Victimization is less likely to occur</li> </ol> Disadvantages: <ol> <li>Less opportunity, breadth of curriculum, and clubs/student organizations</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the differences between elementary and middle/ secondary schools that researchers suggest may be contributing to difficult transitions for adolescents?

Changes in grading practices, not student knowledge. School transition itself. Change in teacher attitudes towarrds students. Developmental mismatch between adolescents' needs and what they get from teachers Signup and view all the answers

What is school climate?

The quality and character of school life based on safety, relationships, teaching and learning, and institutional environment Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the most positive classroom climates?

Students: Less disciplinary issues, fewer suspensions, less truancy, less bullying and harassment. High academic motivation, engagement, and psychological well-being. Teachers: Higher levels of commitment, strong student-educator relationships, high job satisfaction, high teacher retention. Signup and view all the answers

Think about the type of school you might want to work in someday using characteristics such as school size and school climate. Be able to explain why those features are important based on support from the textbook.

I would like to teach at a school with a small school size and a low student-teacher ratiobecause: <ul> <li>There is more of a sense of involvement</li> <li>There is more of an obligation to be successful</li> <li>Victimization is less likely to happen</li> </ul> I would like to teach at a school with a positive school climate because: <ul> <li>Students tend to have less disciplinary issues</li> <li>There tends to be less bullying and harassment</li> <li>There is high academic motivation, engagement, and psychological well-being.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of achievement goal orientations?

Mastery vs. Performance Signup and view all the answers

What are achievement attributions in students?

The reasons/explainations students give for success or failure Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of internal achievement attributions

Ability, effort Signup and view all the answers

How might a teacher identify a student who is using learned helplessness strategies?

The student believes that failure is inevitable and uses external achievement attributions Signup and view all the answers

Identify and describe the 5 major changes in thinking that characterize the transition from childhood to adolescence

<ol> <li>Think about abstract concepts</li> <li>Think about all possibilities</li> <li>Thinking about thinking (metacognition)</li> <li>Think in multiple dimensions</li> <li>See knowledge as relative (relativism)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how thinking about abstract concepts might affect adolescent students' thinking, behavior, emotions, or learning

Thinking - Adolescents think in more advanced ways about their relationships and systems in the world around them. Social cognition improves Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how thinking about all possibilities might affect adolescent students' thinking, behavior, emotions, or learning

Behavior - Adolescents become stronger arguers, now evaluating, developing and considering their own and other viewpoints Thinking - The ability to think hypothetically and consider perspectives other than one's own is developed Learning - The ability to reason in terms of what is possible is useful in studies like math and science when you have to think abstractly and systematically about what is possible Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of thinking about thinking might affect adolescent students' thinking, behavior, emotions, or learning

Learning - They are much better at monitoring their own learning Emotions - Adolescents introspect more, thinking about their own emotions and increasing self-consciousness Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how thinking in multiple dimensions might affect adolescent students' thinking, behavior, emotions, or learning

Thinking - Adolescents can think through multiple aspects of things and factors of a situation at a time Can appreciate layered humor like sarcasm, irony, metaphor etc. Behaviors - They are able to view themselves and others in more nuanced, complicated ways and better understand others, relationships, and social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how seeing knowledge as relative might affect adolescent students' thinking, behavior, emotions, or learning

Thinking - Shift from seeing the world in black and white to seeing morality, situations, and things as relative Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is happening in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system during adolescence. What does this change mean for teen's cognitive functioning (i.e., what cognitive and social emotional skills are they able to now do better than when they were children ?)(hint: this is not referring to the 5 changes in cognition nor about information processing)

Profrontal cortex develops executive functioning skills, planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses Limbic system processes emotional experiences, social information, reward & punihsment, storage of memory *Since it is not fully developed teens are more sensitive to reward than consequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone of proximal development? What are its implications for helping students' learning?

What a person is capable of understanding and performing with assistance or encouragement from a more knowledgeable adult or peer Signup and view all the answers

Define scaffolding

The process the more knowledgable other uses to assist and support the child through the zone of proximal development Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of scaffolding?

Internalization Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of how you might scaffold a lesson. Pick a grade, subject and lesson. It is helpful to know what the goal of the lesson is (i.e., what you want students to be able to do).

Once you have identified a student's zone of proximal development, you should step in with guidance. You could model the way to the solution, give hints, or use other aids. If they can solve problems with support, they are within their ZPD-ie. They are learning with guidance but not yet on their own. Finally, as they demonstrate proficiency, slowly reduce your guidance. If they start solving similar problems independently, they have mastered that skill and their ZPD has moved forward. Signup and view all the answers

Identify four concepts (or terms) from Vygotsky's socio-cultural/cognitive theory. In your answer, list the four concepts, and explain how you would apply each of those concepts in teaching a topic

Flashcards

Ryan and Deci's 3 basic psychological needs?

Autonomy 2. Competence 3. Relatedness

Define: Autonomy

Having a sense of control; actions aren't solely dictated by others.