Self-Determination Theory: Motivation Types
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Questions and Answers

According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), how does extrinsic motivation differ from perspectives that view it as invariably non-autonomous?

  • SDT views extrinsic motivation as inherently less valuable than intrinsic motivation, a view not held by other perspectives.
  • SDT argues that extrinsic motivation is primarily influenced by social factors, whereas others emphasize individual differences.
  • SDT suggests that extrinsic motivation is always driven by external rewards, unlike other perspectives.
  • SDT proposes that extrinsic motivation can vary in its relative autonomy, ranging from personal endorsement to compliance. (correct)

What condition must be met for the principles of Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) to be applicable?

  • The activity must be performed in a social setting.
  • The activity must be of intrinsic interest to the individual. (correct)
  • The activity must involve competition with others.
  • The activity must lead to a tangible reward.

According to Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET), social environments can impact intrinsic motivation by either supporting or hindering which innate psychological needs?

  • Esteem, power and wealth.
  • Safety, security, and stability.
  • Respect, authority and conformity.
  • Autonomy, competence, and relatedness. (correct)

How does a 'secure relational base' primarily influence intrinsically motivated behaviors?

<p>It fosters an environment where intrinsic motivation is more likely to be expressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student completes homework because they understand its relevance to their future career aspirations. According to the text, what type of motivation is this, and why?

<p>Extrinsic motivation, because the homework is instrumental to achieving a separate outcome, such as career success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as defined in the text?

<p>Intrinsic motivation involves doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is for a separable outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'relatedness' in intrinsic motivation?

<p>Relatedness has a distal link and may also be important for intrinsic motivation, at least in a distal sense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person adheres to their parents' control by doing their homework, what kind of motivation are they exhibiting, according to the text?

<p>Extrinsic motivation, because they are complying with an external regulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when conditions support autonomy and competence?

<p>It reliably facilitates the vital expression of human growth tendency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly identified as being impacted by social contexts?

<p>An individual's inherent physical capabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early investigations primarily focus on regarding human nature?

<p>Social conditions that enhance or diminish intrinsic motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between social contexts and a person's tendency to integrate social values?

<p>Social contexts can either enhance or hinder this tendency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen to intrinsic motivation when behavior is controlled and perceived effectance is hindered?

<p>It will be undermined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is a key characteristic of human beings in relation to their environment?

<p>Humans possess a natural activity and curiosity, but also a vulnerability to passivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the authors focus on specifying in their investigation?

<p>Conditions that support people's activity versus exploit their vulnerability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence when social contexts undermine the organismic tendency?

<p>Decreased integration of ambient social values and responsibilities. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kasser and Ryan's research, what is the relationship between the attainment of intrinsic aspirations and well-being?

<p>Attainment of intrinsic aspirations is positively associated with well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sheldon and Kasser's longitudinal study reveal about the impact of attaining extrinsic goals on well-being?

<p>Success at extrinsic goals provides little benefit to overall well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural values influence the expression of competence, autonomy, and relatedness?

<p>Individuals express these needs differently within cultures based on different values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theorized relationship between psychological-need satisfaction and well-being?

<p>The relationship is consistent across cultures, although the meaning of specific goals may vary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the commercial media play in influencing people's life goals and well-being?

<p>It can lead to a focus on materialism, potentially detracting from basic need fulfillment and well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when social contexts create conflicts between basic psychological needs?

<p>The conditions for alienation and psychopathology are established. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-reported attainment of extrinsic aspirations and well-being?

<p>Self-reported attainment of extrinsic aspirations was not associated with well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ambient demands, obstacles, and affordances in sociocultural contexts in relation to people’s psychological-need satisfaction?

<p>They influence the degree of people's psychological-need satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fostered by contexts supportive of autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

<p>Greater internalization and integration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the research program mentioned in the text?

<p>Enhancing the well-being of individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to self-determination theory, what specific psychological factors promote intrinsic motivation and well-being?

<p>Autonomy, competence, and relatedness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does the reference to 'flow' by Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde (1993) relate to?

<p>A state of deep absorption and enjoyment in an activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of satisfying the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness?

<p>It fosters greater commitment, effort, and high-quality performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contexts that thwart the satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs affect individuals?

<p>They diminish well-being, vitality and motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Deci, Eghrari, Patrick, & Leone (1994) study in relation to self-determination theory?

<p>How to facilitate internalization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Deci, Koestner, & Ryan's (1999) meta-analytic review of experiments primarily focus on?

<p>The effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kasser and Ryan's research, what is the primary distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations?

<p>Intrinsic aspirations directly satisfy basic psychological needs, while extrinsic aspirations do so, at best, indirectly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Sheldon et al. (1997) regarding life roles and need satisfaction?

<p>Satisfaction in life roles is linked to the degree to which the role supports authenticity and autonomous functioning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Self-Determination Theory (SDT), what is the expected outcome when social contexts are responsive to basic psychological needs?

<p>Individuals exhibit greater initiative, responsibility, and overall well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of social contexts that impose excessive control, nonoptimal challenges, and a lack of connectedness, according to the principles outlined?

<p>Disrupted actualizing tendencies, resulting in distress and psychopathology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Sheldon, Reis, and Ryan (1996) investigate the connection between well-being and need satisfaction?

<p>By studying daily variations in well-being in relation to fluctuations in basic need satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the developmental lattice mentioned in relation to social psychological needs?

<p>The appropriate conditions to facilitate one's developmental growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what is a key predictor of an individual's performance and well-being at work?

<p>The degree to which their workplace supports autonomy, competence, and relatedness. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study did Sheldon et al. (1997) conduct to understand the influences within an individual's life roles?

<p>Correlational Analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to organismic integration theory (OIT), what factor determines the degree to which motivations emanate from the self?

<p>The position of the motivational type on the self-determination continuum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'introjected regulation' within the context of extrinsic motivation?

<p>Internalizing a regulation but not fully accepting it as one's own, leading to behaviors driven by guilt avoidance or ego enhancement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of 'amotivation' according to self-determination theory (SDT)?

<p>Acting without intent or a sense of purpose, often described as 'going through the motions'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is most closely aligned with the goals of 'astute socializing agents'?

<p>Extrinsic motivation that is sought by astute socializing agents regardless of the applied domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between 'external regulation' and 'introjected regulation'?

<p>External regulation is associated with an external perceived locus of causality, while introjected regulation involves a partially internalized locus of causality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does organismic integration theory (OIT) expand upon earlier understandings of extrinsic motivation?

<p>By detailing different forms of extrinsic motivation and the factors influencing their internalization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does 'external regulation' contrast with 'intrinsic motivation', as defined by early studies?

<p>External regulation centers on behaviors controlled by external factors being contrasted with intrinsic motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological outcome when individuals experience externally regulated behavior?

<p>Feelings of control or alienation, with actions perceived as externally caused. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external factors, not inherent interest.

Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)

A subtheory detailing different forms of extrinsic motivation

Self-determination continuum

Continuum of motivation based on how much it comes from the self.

Amotivation

Lacking intention to act; no motivation.

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Cause of Amotivation

Not valuing the activity.

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External Regulation

Behavior regulated by external rewards and punishments.

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Introjected Regulation

Taking in a regulation but not fully accepting it.

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Introjected Regulation (Controlled)

A controlled form of regulation.

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Competence

Feeling effective and capable in one's actions and mastery of skills.

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Autonomy

Feeling volitional and self-endorsed in one's actions; having a sense of choice and control.

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Relatedness

Feeling connected to and cared for by others; experiencing mutual love and respect.

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Cultural Influence on Needs

Internalized values and behaviors lead to need satisfaction.

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Materialism

A focus on material possessions and wealth.

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Need Conflicts

Harmony or opposition between basic needs affects well-being.

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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Goals

Intrinsic goals enhance well-being; extrinsic goals do not.

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Ambient Demands

The environment impacts psychological-need satisfaction.

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Social Environment's Role

The social context can either enhance or hinder intrinsic motivation by either supporting or thwarting a person's innate psychological needs.

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Needs and Intrinsic Motivation

Needs for autonomy and competence are strongly correlated with intrinsic motivation. Relatedness may also be important.

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Intrinsic Motivation Applicability

Only applies to activities that are inherently interesting, novel, challenging or aesthetically pleasing.

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Autonomy in Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation varies in autonomy. It can range from personal endorsement to external regulation.

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Examples of Extrinsic Motivation

Doing homework because you grasp its value for your career is based on personal value. However, doing it to adhere to your parents control is based on external regulation.

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Instrumentality

Extrinsic motivation involves instrumentalities rather than enjoyment, yet can entail a feeling of choice or compliance.

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Facilitating Growth

Conditions supporting autonomy and competence.

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Undermining Growth

Controlling behavior and hindering perceived effectance.

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Non-Intrinsic Motivation

Behaviors not driven by intrinsic interest.

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Social Integration

The process of integrating social values and responsibilities.

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Need to Belong

A fundamental human motivation for interpersonal attachments.

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Autonomy and Competence

Environments supporting independence and skill.

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Organismic Tendency

The tendency to incorporate social values.

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Intrinsic Aspirations

Goals like affiliation, personal growth, and community involvement that directly fulfill fundamental needs.

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Intention-Behavior Relationship

The connection between an individual's intentions and their actual behavior, especially in the context of physical activity.

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Extrinsic Aspirations

Goals centered on wealth, fame, and image that at best, provide indirect need satisfaction.

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Supportive Contexts

Environments that support an individual's sense of independence, competence, and connection to others.

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Internalization and Integration

The process of deeply adopting and integrating values, beliefs, or behaviors into one's sense of self.

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Role Satisfaction

The degree to which a particular life role supports authenticity and autonomous functioning.

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Basic Psychological Needs

The psychological requirements for well-being and growth, including autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

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Flow

A psychological state of being fully engaged and absorbed in an activity.

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Personal Causation

The idea that individuals have a fundamental desire to feel like the originators of their own actions and behaviors.

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Self-Determination Theory

The idea that basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) are essential for psychological health and well-being.

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Vitality

Feelings of energy and aliveness.

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Need-Supportive Contexts

Social environments that support basic psychological needs, enabling personal growth and integration.

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Study Notes

  • Human beings are either proactive and engaged or passive and alienated, which is largely determined by their social conditions.
  • SDT research focuses on social-contextual conditions that either facilitate or hinder self-motivation and healthy psychological development.
  • Factors influencing intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being have been examined.
  • The theory posits three innate psychological needs:
    • Competence
    • Autonomy
    • Relatedness
  • Satisfaction of these needs leads to enhanced self-motivation and mental health.
  • Thwarting these needs results in diminished motivation and well-being.
  • The significance of these needs is considered across various domains, including health care, education, work, sports, religion, and psychotherapy.
  • People strive to learn, extend themselves, master new skills, and apply their talents responsibly
  • The human spirit can be diminished, causing individuals to reject growth and responsibility
  • Social factors influence motivation and personal growth, leading to variations in self-motivation and integration
  • Research on conditions fostering positive human potentials holds theoretical and practical value, contributing to knowledge of human behavior and the design of optimizing environments.
  • SDT is an approach to motivation and personality using empirical methods and an organismic metatheory that highlights inner resources for self-regulation.
  • Three needs essential for growth and integration are: competence, relatedness, and autonomy

The Nature of Motivation

  • Motivation involves energy, direction, persistence, and equifinality.
  • It is highly valued and central to the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation
  • Motivation involves energy, direction, persistence, and equifinality.
  • Manifests as enhanced performance, persistence, and creativity
  • Motivation is the functional and experiential differences between self-motivation and external regulation.
  • Identifies distinct types of motivation, each having impacts for learning, performance, personal experience, and well-being.
  • Principles explain how each motivation type develops, recognizing human nature's positive side while accounting for passivity, alienation, and psychopathology.

Intrinsic Motivation

  • Humans inherently seek novelty, challenges, and exploration.
  • From birth, children are active, inquisitive, curious, and playful, even without specific rewards.
  • This describes natural inclination toward assimilation, mastery, spontaneous interest and essential to cognitive and social development
  • CET specifies social and environmental factors that affect intrinsic motivation, highlighting conditions that catalyze its expression.
  • CET focuses on the fundamental needs for competence and autonomy and integrates findings from experiments on rewards, feedback, and external events.
  • Feeling competent during an action can enhance intrinsic motivation.
  • Optimal challenges, effectance-promoting feedback, and freedom from demeaning evaluations all facilitate intrinsic motivation.
  • Feelings of competence will not enhance intrinsic motivation unless accompanied by a sense of autonomy and an internal perceived locus of causality.
  • Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation by leading to external perceived locus of causality
  • Threats, deadlines, directives, pressured evaluations, and imposed goals diminish intrinsic motivation because they lead to external perceived locus of causality.
  • Choices, acknowledgment of feelings, and opportunities for self-direction enhance intrinsic motivation because they give people greater feeling of autonomy.
  • In order to support students, they need greater intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and desire for challenge,
  • High autonomy and competence supports are highly salient for producing variability in intrinsic motivation. A similar dynamic happens when a secure relational base is there to express the intrinsic motivation.
  • The CET framework suggests social environments can facilitate or hinder intrinsic motivation by either supporting or stifling the underlying psychological needs of an individual

Self-Regulation for Extrinsic Motivation

  • A better question concerning non-intrinsically motivated is how individuals acquire the motivation to carry them out, and how this motivation affects ongoing persistence, behavioral quality, and well-being
  • SDT says that the other's motivation for the behavior can range from unwillingness to comply to active personal commitment
  • SDT says there are different motivations that reflect different agreements to which the value and regulation of the requested behavior have been internalized and integrated
  • Internalization is the process of someone taking in a value or regulation, whereas integration is the further transformation of that regulation into their own sense of self and how their behaviors reflect that process

Facilitating Integration for Extrinsic Motivation

  • Relatedness, the need to feel belongingness and connectedness with others, is important for Internalization
  • People adopt activities a relevant social group values when feeling confident in executing those activities
  • Finally, autonomy lets individuals act depending on needs. As people do this, they can feel competent, related and autonomous
  • SDT has the concept that supports for competence, autonomy, and relatedness facilitates the internalization of behavioral regulations, so that when that occurs, people feel not only competent and related, but also autonomous as they carry our culturally valued activities

Psyhcological Needs and Mental Health

  • SDT believes in three basic psychological needs to a means of organizing and interpreting a wide array of results because they are essential and universal

  • A basic need, whether a physiological need or a psychological need, is an energizing state that, if satisfied, leads to health and well-being, but if not satisfied, leads to pathology and ill-being

  • Also there are two more important questions for a basic need:

    • is it important within different cultural circumstances?
    • is the satisfaction of the need related to variability in indicators?

  • The pursuit and attainment of life goals either help or hinder basic need satisfaction, resulting in variations in levels of well-being

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Explore intrinsic and extrinsic motivation through Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Understand how social environments influence innate psychological needs and impact motivation. Learn about the role of relatedness and autonomy in behaviors.

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