Selective Mutism Disorder
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Questions and Answers

What is the age of onset for selective mutism?

  • 5-7 years
  • 8-10 years
  • 2.7-4.2 years (correct)
  • 1.5-3 years

    • What percentage of children with selective mutism do not receive treatment?

  • 50%
  • 99%
  • 94% (correct)
  • 75%

    • What is the allele associated with selective mutism?

  • CNTNAP3
  • CNTNAP2 (correct)
  • CNTNAP1
  • CNTNAP4

    • What theory explains how anxiety is established and maintained in selective mutism?

    <p>Mowrer's two-factor theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of a specific phobia?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common category of specific phobias in children and teens?

    <p>Animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of specific phobias in children and teens?

    <p>2-9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with specific phobias?

    <p>They exhibit fear or anxiety out of proportion to the danger the stimuli poses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in the development of specific phobias?

    <p>Genes play an insignificant role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration of a specific phobia if left untreated?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to perceive anxiety symptoms as upsetting and aversive known as?

    <p>Anxiety sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of interoceptive exposure in the treatment of panic disorder?

    <p>It allows individuals to understand that their symptoms can be produced intentionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder?

    <p>To challenge biases and distortions that lead to negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of OCD in kids and teens?

    <p>1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of compulsions in OCD?

    <p>They are repetitive and follow a specific rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people with OCD perform compulsions?

    <p>To reduce anxiety around their thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age group where OCD is more common in boys than girls?

    <p>Kids and teens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of kids with OCD who do not undergo treatment?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of treatment for panic disorder in children and teens?

    <p>CBT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of obsessions in OCD?

    <p>They are recurrent and persistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between DMDD and ADHD?

    <p>ADHD is a neurodevelopmental and behaviour disorder, while DMDD is a mood disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DMDD and ODD?

    <p>DMDD tantrums are more severe and directed towards property, while ODD tantrums are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of pediatric bipolar disorder that distinguishes it from DMDD?

    <p>The presence of manic or hypomanic episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of DMDD?

    <p>Inability to regulate emotions and experience heightened arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of emotion recognition in children with DMDD?

    <p>They are less accurate at recognizing benign actions or expressions as being hostile or threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for DMDD?

    <p>Medication and counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children with DMDD in terms of their experience of happiness?

    <p>They experience less happiness than average children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children with DMDD in terms of their reaction to frustration?

    <p>They are more reactive to frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common comorbidity of children with DMDD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of depression in children and teens?

    <p>They show predominantly irritable mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a single episode and a recurrent episode of depression in a child?

    <p>The frequency of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of a chronic depressed mood required to diagnose PDD in adults?

    <p>At least 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT a criterion for diagnosing PDD?

    <p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between PDD and MDD?

    <p>PDD is more gradual, while MDD is more rapid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is more likely to experience depression?

    <p>Youth from low socioeconomic households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relapse rate of depression after 2 years of recovery?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kinding hypothesis?

    <p>Earlier depressive episodes sensitize people to stressors in life and make them more likely to develop depression later in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a developmental pathway of depression?

    <p>Anxiety predisposes children to depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Interpersonal Therapy?

    <p>Helping children with deficits or disruptions in their relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal age range for Interpersonal Therapy?

    <p>Children aged 12 and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'closeness circle' in Interpersonal Therapy?

    <p>To assess the child's relationships and their impact on mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective medication for child depressive disorders?

    <p>SSRI's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of combining medication with therapy for child depressive disorders?

    <p>It is more effective than medication alone, but may relapse after 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated increase in suicidal ideation among youths who take SSRI's?

    <p>3-4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Selective Mutism

    • Prevalence: 2X more prevalent in girls than boys
    • Age of onset: 2.7-4.2 years
    • Undiagnosed until children go to school
    • Can last an average of 8 years if not treated
    • 94% of kids don't receive treatment
    • Kids can develop social anxiety disorder
    • Children have issues with academics and peer rejection

    Causes

    • Interplay between genetics, temperament, and early social learning
    • Family studies indicate heredity
    • Allele associated with selective mutism predisposes children to social anxiety
    • Behavioural inhibition: children with high behavioural inhibition experience high arousal and stress when presented with new stimuli
    • Mowrer's two-factor theory: anxiety is established via classical conditioning, and maintained through negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

    Specific Phobia

    • Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
    • Persists for at least 6 months
    • Causes distress or impairments
    • 5 broad categories: animals, natural environment, blood/injections/injuries, specific situations, other stimuli
    • Symptoms: racing heart, shallow breathing, sweaty palms, dizziness, etc.
    • Fears are out of proportion to the danger the stimuli poses
    • Diagnoses: 2 criteria: fear or anxiety that impairs daily functioning, and symptoms cause distress and impairment
    • Prevalence: 2-9% of children and teens, most common being animals
    • Girls more likely than boys
    • Children experience negative cognitions, decreased autonomic functioning, and escape behaviors when confronted with the feared stimuli
    • Phobias can last for up to 2 years if not treated in time

    Causes of Phobia

    • Interaction between biological, cognitive, and behavioral factors
    • Anxiety sensitivity: tendency to perceive anxiety symptoms as upsetting and aversive
    • Expectancy theory of panic: people are prone to anxiety about panic attacks because of their high insensitivity to anxiety

    Evidence-Based Treatment for Phobia

    • CBT (relaxation training, pleasant imagery)
    • Interoceptive exposure (specific to panic disorder)
    • Cognitive restructuring: challenge biases and distortions that lead to negative emotions

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    Emotion and Thought Disorders PDF

    Description

    Explore the prevalence, age of onset, and treatment of selective mutism, a anxiety disorder that can affect a child's social and academic life. Learn about its causes, including genetics and social learning.

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