44 Questions
What is the age of onset for selective mutism?
2.7-4.2 years
What percentage of children with selective mutism do not receive treatment?
94%
What is the allele associated with selective mutism?
CNTNAP2
What theory explains how anxiety is established and maintained in selective mutism?
Mowrer's two-factor theory
What is the minimum duration of a specific phobia?
6 months
What is the most common category of specific phobias in children and teens?
Animals
What is the prevalence of specific phobias in children and teens?
2-9%
What is a characteristic of children with specific phobias?
They exhibit fear or anxiety out of proportion to the danger the stimuli poses
What is the role of genes in the development of specific phobias?
Genes play an insignificant role
What is the maximum duration of a specific phobia if left untreated?
2 years
What is the tendency to perceive anxiety symptoms as upsetting and aversive known as?
Anxiety sensitivity
What is the benefit of interoceptive exposure in the treatment of panic disorder?
It allows individuals to understand that their symptoms can be produced intentionally
What is the primary goal of cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder?
To challenge biases and distortions that lead to negative emotions
What is the prevalence of OCD in kids and teens?
1-2%
What is the characteristic of compulsions in OCD?
They are repetitive and follow a specific rule
What is the primary reason why people with OCD perform compulsions?
To reduce anxiety around their thoughts
What is the age group where OCD is more common in boys than girls?
Kids and teens
What is the percentage of kids with OCD who do not undergo treatment?
90%
What is the first line of treatment for panic disorder in children and teens?
CBT
What is the characteristic of obsessions in OCD?
They are recurrent and persistent
What is the key difference between DMDD and ADHD?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental and behaviour disorder, while DMDD is a mood disorder
What is the primary difference between DMDD and ODD?
DMDD tantrums are more severe and directed towards property, while ODD tantrums are not
What is the key characteristic of pediatric bipolar disorder that distinguishes it from DMDD?
The presence of manic or hypomanic episodes
What is the primary cause of DMDD?
Inability to regulate emotions and experience heightened arousal
What is the characteristic of emotion recognition in children with DMDD?
They are less accurate at recognizing benign actions or expressions as being hostile or threatening
What is the primary treatment for DMDD?
Medication and counseling
What is the characteristic of children with DMDD in terms of their experience of happiness?
They experience less happiness than average children
What is the characteristic of children with DMDD in terms of their reaction to frustration?
They are more reactive to frustration
What is the common comorbidity of children with DMDD?
All of the above
What is the key characteristic of depression in children and teens?
They show predominantly irritable mood
What is the primary difference between a single episode and a recurrent episode of depression in a child?
The frequency of occurrence
What is the minimum duration of a chronic depressed mood required to diagnose PDD in adults?
At least 2 years
Which of the following symptoms is NOT a criterion for diagnosing PDD?
Headaches
What is the primary difference between PDD and MDD?
PDD is more gradual, while MDD is more rapid
Which of the following groups is more likely to experience depression?
Youth from low socioeconomic households
What is the relapse rate of depression after 2 years of recovery?
60%
What is the Kinding hypothesis?
Earlier depressive episodes sensitize people to stressors in life and make them more likely to develop depression later in life
Which of the following is a developmental pathway of depression?
Anxiety predisposes children to depression
What is the primary focus of Interpersonal Therapy?
Helping children with deficits or disruptions in their relationships
What is the ideal age range for Interpersonal Therapy?
Children aged 12 and older
What is the purpose of the 'closeness circle' in Interpersonal Therapy?
To assess the child's relationships and their impact on mood
What is the most effective medication for child depressive disorders?
SSRI's
What is the benefit of combining medication with therapy for child depressive disorders?
It is more effective than medication alone, but may relapse after 3 years
What is the estimated increase in suicidal ideation among youths who take SSRI's?
3-4%
Study Notes
Selective Mutism
- Prevalence: 2X more prevalent in girls than boys
- Age of onset: 2.7-4.2 years
- Undiagnosed until children go to school
- Can last an average of 8 years if not treated
- 94% of kids don't receive treatment
- Kids can develop social anxiety disorder
- Children have issues with academics and peer rejection
Causes
- Interplay between genetics, temperament, and early social learning
- Family studies indicate heredity
- Allele associated with selective mutism predisposes children to social anxiety
- Behavioural inhibition: children with high behavioural inhibition experience high arousal and stress when presented with new stimuli
- Mowrer's two-factor theory: anxiety is established via classical conditioning, and maintained through negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)
Specific Phobia
- Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
- Persists for at least 6 months
- Causes distress or impairments
- 5 broad categories: animals, natural environment, blood/injections/injuries, specific situations, other stimuli
- Symptoms: racing heart, shallow breathing, sweaty palms, dizziness, etc.
- Fears are out of proportion to the danger the stimuli poses
- Diagnoses: 2 criteria: fear or anxiety that impairs daily functioning, and symptoms cause distress and impairment
- Prevalence: 2-9% of children and teens, most common being animals
- Girls more likely than boys
- Children experience negative cognitions, decreased autonomic functioning, and escape behaviors when confronted with the feared stimuli
- Phobias can last for up to 2 years if not treated in time
Causes of Phobia
- Interaction between biological, cognitive, and behavioral factors
- Anxiety sensitivity: tendency to perceive anxiety symptoms as upsetting and aversive
- Expectancy theory of panic: people are prone to anxiety about panic attacks because of their high insensitivity to anxiety
Evidence-Based Treatment for Phobia
- CBT (relaxation training, pleasant imagery)
- Interoceptive exposure (specific to panic disorder)
- Cognitive restructuring: challenge biases and distortions that lead to negative emotions
Explore the prevalence, age of onset, and treatment of selective mutism, a anxiety disorder that can affect a child's social and academic life. Learn about its causes, including genetics and social learning.
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