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Questions and Answers
A hanging heavy mass with a pen at the end does not move regardless of vibrations during an ______.
A hanging heavy mass with a pen at the end does not move regardless of vibrations during an ______.
earthquake
To determine the location of the ______, one must measure and compare arrival times of seismic waves at different locations.
To determine the location of the ______, one must measure and compare arrival times of seismic waves at different locations.
epicenter
Seismic tomography is an imaging technique using seismic wave data to create computer-generated ______ of Earth’s interior.
Seismic tomography is an imaging technique using seismic wave data to create computer-generated ______ of Earth’s interior.
images
The measure of shaking and damage caused by an earthquake is referred to as its ______.
The measure of shaking and damage caused by an earthquake is referred to as its ______.
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The largest recorded earthquakes have had a magnitude of approximately ______.
The largest recorded earthquakes have had a magnitude of approximately ______.
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SEISMIC WAVE data provides information about __________.
SEISMIC WAVE data provides information about __________.
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The __________ is referred to as the FOCUS of an EARTHQUAKE.
The __________ is referred to as the FOCUS of an EARTHQUAKE.
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A network of stations monitoring SEISMIC WAVES exists around the __________.
A network of stations monitoring SEISMIC WAVES exists around the __________.
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A SEISMOGRAPH is a tool that records data about __________.
A SEISMOGRAPH is a tool that records data about __________.
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The __________ is a sensor on a SEISMOGRAPH that detects movements.
The __________ is a sensor on a SEISMOGRAPH that detects movements.
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SEISMOMETERS can sense any vibrations traveling through the __________.
SEISMOMETERS can sense any vibrations traveling through the __________.
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SEISMIC WAVE data also provides information about the structure of the __________.
SEISMIC WAVE data also provides information about the structure of the __________.
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The data recorded by SEISMOGRAPHS is essential for identifying the location of the __________.
The data recorded by SEISMOGRAPHS is essential for identifying the location of the __________.
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A SEISMOMETER senses/detects any vibrations travelling through the Earth's ______.
A SEISMOMETER senses/detects any vibrations travelling through the Earth's ______.
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The SEISMOMETER transmits vibrational signals to a ______ that detects movements.
The SEISMOMETER transmits vibrational signals to a ______ that detects movements.
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The data generated by a SEISMOGRAPH is known as a ______.
The data generated by a SEISMOGRAPH is known as a ______.
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If no vibrations are present in the Earth, the SEISMOGRAM shows a straight ______.
If no vibrations are present in the Earth, the SEISMOGRAM shows a straight ______.
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A SEISMOGRAPH monitors three types of motion: up/down, East/West, and ______.
A SEISMOGRAPH monitors three types of motion: up/down, East/West, and ______.
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The ______ of a wave is defined as the maximum displacement or height relative to its equilibrium position.
The ______ of a wave is defined as the maximum displacement or height relative to its equilibrium position.
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In terms of waves, the distance between two CRESTS or two ______ is referred to as WAVELENGTH.
In terms of waves, the distance between two CRESTS or two ______ is referred to as WAVELENGTH.
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In simpler SEISMOGRAPHS, a HEAVY MASS connected to a pen records vibrations onto a roll of ______.
In simpler SEISMOGRAPHS, a HEAVY MASS connected to a pen records vibrations onto a roll of ______.
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The ______ scale is an outdated method for measuring magnitude of earthquakes.
The ______ scale is an outdated method for measuring magnitude of earthquakes.
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The magnitude of an earthquake is commonly reported as a single ______ regardless of location.
The magnitude of an earthquake is commonly reported as a single ______ regardless of location.
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A magnitude of 8 or greater indicates an earthquake that can destroy communities near the ______.
A magnitude of 8 or greater indicates an earthquake that can destroy communities near the ______.
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The magnitude scale is ______, meaning each increase by one unit results in a tenfold increase in size.
The magnitude scale is ______, meaning each increase by one unit results in a tenfold increase in size.
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Earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.5 or less are usually not felt by ______.
Earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.5 or less are usually not felt by ______.
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The __________ scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves.
The __________ scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves.
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The __________ Magnitude Scale has largely replaced the Richter scale for measuring larger earthquakes.
The __________ Magnitude Scale has largely replaced the Richter scale for measuring larger earthquakes.
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Volcanic earthquakes occur in parallel with __________ activity.
Volcanic earthquakes occur in parallel with __________ activity.
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Collapse earthquakes are caused by the underground __________ of caves or mines.
Collapse earthquakes are caused by the underground __________ of caves or mines.
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Explosion earthquakes are triggered by explosions of __________ or chemical devices.
Explosion earthquakes are triggered by explosions of __________ or chemical devices.
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To determine the magnitude of an earthquake, one must measure the largest __________ on a seismogram.
To determine the magnitude of an earthquake, one must measure the largest __________ on a seismogram.
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The time difference between the arrival of p-waves and __________ is used to calculate the location of an earthquake.
The time difference between the arrival of p-waves and __________ is used to calculate the location of an earthquake.
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Predicting earthquakes is challenging due to the many __________ involved in their occurrence.
Predicting earthquakes is challenging due to the many __________ involved in their occurrence.
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Study Notes
Seismograph Stations
- Seismograph stations are located around the world.
- Red dots on the world map indicate seismograph stations.
Studying Seismic Waves
- Seismic wave data provides information about earthquakes and the structure of the Earth.
- Data identifies the location of epicenters and hypocenters (focus).
- A network of stations globally monitors seismic waves.
Seismograph
- A tool that records seismic waves generated by earthquakes.
- Records Earth's movements using a sensor placed deep in the ground.
- A seismometer is a sensor on a seismograph that detects movements.
- The seismometer detects vibrations traveling through the Earth.
- The seismometer sends vibrations to the seismograph.
Seismogram
- Data generated by the seismograph based on vibrations detected by the seismometer.
- A straight line indicates no vibrations.
- "Jumps" represent increased amplitude, indicating vibrations (increased energy).
- Three lines are used to monitor up/down, east/west, and north/south motions.
- The seismogram is used to generate earthquake waves.
- Seismograms show P-waves and S-waves.
Wave Review: Amplitude and Wavelength
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a wave relative to its equilibrium position.
- Wavelength: Distance over which a wave shape repeats (distance between crests or troughs).
Simple Seismograph
- Lab scale seismographs are simpler and record data onto a roll of paper.
- The paper constantly moves, with the pen recording vibrations.
- A weighted pen sits still, while the paper moves as the Earth moves.
- Wave movement is visible on the paper.
- The seismic waves produce jumps recorded on the seismogram that reflect amplitude increase.
Seismic Wave Data
- Seismic waves (P & S) travel from the hypocenter.
- Determining epicenter location - measuring and comparing arrival times of seismic waves at different stations.
- Determining hypocenter location is more complex, requiring analysis of seismic wave patterns and sometimes using seismic tomography.
Seismic Tomography
- Imaging technique using seismic wave data to create 3D images of Earth's interior.
Recording Earthquakes
- Earthquakes are energy releases causing ground vibrations.
- Energy travels from the hypocenter as seismic waves.
- Earthquakes vary; some are destructive, others are not.
- Magnitude and intensity are measures of earthquake strength.
- Intensity: measure of shaking/damage.
- Intensity varies with location.
- Magnitude is a single number to show earthquake size, measured at the source of the earthquake.
- Magnitude is the amount of energy released, which will change exponentially with magnitude.
Richter Scale
- Outdated method for measuring earthquake magnitude, developed by Charles Richter in 1932.
- Uses a logarithmic scale (each increase in whole number = 10 times bigger).
- No upper or lower limit.
- Logarithmic scale from 1 to 10, measuring the amplitude changes.
Calculation of Richter Scale Magnitude
- Measures the largest signals (greatest amplitudes) on the seismogram.
- Measures the time difference between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves.
- Accounts for the distance from the earthquake source.
Moment Magnitude Scale
- Replaced Richter Scale for magnitudes greater than 6.5 due to Richter scale undervaluing magnitude.
- Moment magnitude measures energy release.
Other Earthquake Sources
- Earthquakes may occur from tectonic plate collisions, volcanoes, cave collapses, or explosions.
Notable Earthquakes
- In-class discussion on a notable earthquake.
- Gather information about the location, date, magnitude, casualties, damage caused, and rescue efforts.
Predicting Earthquakes & Tsunamis
- Predicting earthquakes is challenging.
- Volcanoes can trigger tsunamis.
Thank you for Listening
- Earthquake in Charlevoix, Quebec happened in February 1663.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential concepts of seismography, including the function and importance of seismograph stations worldwide. You'll learn about seismic waves, how data is recorded, and how seismograms represent earthquake activity. Test your knowledge of the tools and methods used to monitor and analyze seismic events.
