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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of a seismograph?
Which of the following actions is recommended to take during an earthquake?
What is the primary function of the Richter Scale?
What are aftershocks?
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What should you do after the shaking stops during an earthquake?
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Seismology is the study of earthquake hazards only.
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Aftershocks can sometimes cause additional damage following the main earthquake.
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The graph produced by a seismograph is known as a seismogram.
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The Richter Scale was developed in 1950 by Charles Richter.
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Foreshocks always indicate a major earthquake will follow.
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Seismologists are individuals who specialize in studying the effects of earthquakes and hazards associated with them.
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Ground rupture is classified as one of the main earthquake hazards.
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Seismographs can predict the exact moment an earthquake will occur.
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Evacuating immediately after an earthquake is unnecessary unless further instructions are given.
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The Richter Scale quantifies the magnitude of an earthquake based on the energy released.
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A ______ is a wet mixture of volcanic material and water that flows rapidly.
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Lahars can cause serious health risks as they carry toxic ______ with volcanic material.
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Ashfall consists of volcanic particles that are less than ______ mm in diameter.
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The flow of lahars is primarily influenced by ______, which causes them to move downwards.
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Tephra is a term used to describe general volcanic ______.
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A lahar can transport volcanic material at a speed of up to ______ meters per second.
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Lahars can form as a result of ______ eruptions, thunderstorms, or heavy rainfalls.
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The appearance of a lahar is typically ______ due to the ashfall and volcanic material it contains.
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Ashfall consists of volcanic particles that are less than ______ mm in diameter.
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Lahars are almost impossible to survive when a house is ______ by the flow.
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Pyroclastic flows are a type of ______ current that is dense and moves slower than a surge.
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The materials released from a volcano that include volcanic particles, hot gases, and ashes are classified as ______ density currents.
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______ dioxide is a colorless gas released during eruptions that can interfere with breathing.
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A type of gas released from volcanoes that has a pungent odor and irritates various human systems is ______ dioxide.
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The once enclosed magma released in the form of ______ has a bright red-orange appearance.
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Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas known for its ______ odor, reminiscent of rotten eggs.
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Ballistic ______ are formed from volcanic eruptions and can be very dangerous.
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The molten rock flowing down from an eruptive vent is referred to as a ______ flow.
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Study Notes
Seismology
- The study of earthquakes and the Earth's internal structure.
Seismologists
- Scientists who study earthquakes, their causes, and their impacts.
Seismograph
- An instrument that detects and records ground motion caused by earthquakes.
Seismograms
- Graphical representations of ground movements recorded by a seismograph.
Magnitude
- A measure of the energy released by an earthquake at its source (hypocenter).
Richter Scale
- A logarithmic scale used to express the magnitude of an earthquake.
- Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter.
Foreshocks
- Smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger, main earthquake.
Aftershocks
- Earthquakes that follow a larger main earthquake, often weaker but can cause additional damage.
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground shaking: Vertical and horizontal movements of the ground during an earthquake.
- Ground Rupture: The breaking or cracking of the Earth's surface along a fault line.
Before Earthquakes
- Learn about earthquake hazards in your specific location.
During Earthquakes
-
Cover-Hold-Drop:
- Cover: Seek shelter under a sturdy piece of furniture.
- Hold: Hold onto the furniture to prevent being thrown around.
- Drop: Drop to the ground to protect yourself from falling objects.
After Earthquakes
- Evacuate safely once the shaking stops, taking quick, safe routes.
- Monitor the situation for aftershocks using reliable sources.
- Check for injuries and provide assistance if required.
During Earthquakes: Additional Safety Tips
- Outside: Move to an open area away from buildings and overhead power lines.
- Near a Shore: Quickly move to higher ground to avoid tsunamis.
- Steep Slopes: Avoid locations with steep slopes, which are susceptible to landslides.
- Vehicles: Stop the vehicle if it's safe to do so, avoid driving if possible.
After Earthquakes: Additional Safety Tips
- Bridges & Overpasses: Avoid crossing bridges or overpasses, as they are prone to damage.
Seismology
- The scientific study of earthquakes and related phenomena.
Seismologists
- Scientists who study earthquakes, their causes, and their effects.
Seismograph
- An instrument that detects and records ground motion caused by earthquakes.
Seismograms
- Graphical representations of the ground motion recorded by a seismograph.
Magnitude
- A measure of the energy released by an earthquake at its source (hypocenter).
Richter Scale
- A logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes.
- Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter.
Foreshocks
- Smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger, main earthquake.
Aftershocks
- Smaller earthquakes that follow a main earthquake, often lasting days, weeks, or even months.
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground Shaking: The vibration of the ground caused by seismic waves.
- Ground Rupture: The displacement of the Earth's surface along a fault line, causing cracks and fissures.
Before Earthquakes
- Familiarize yourself with potential earthquake hazards in your area.
During Earthquakes
-
Drop, Cover, and Hold On: This is the recommended safety procedure:
- Drop to the ground.
- Cover your head and neck with your arms.
- Hold on to a sturdy piece of furniture.
After Earthquakes
- Evacuate the area as soon as the shaking stops, taking the fastest safe route.
- Be prepared for aftershocks, which can cause further damage.
- Stay informed about the situation through electronic devices.
- Check yourself and others for injuries.
During Earthquakes (Specific Situations)
- Outside: Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines.
- Near a shore: Move quickly to higher ground to avoid tsunami threats.
- Near steep slopes: Move away from unstable areas prone to landslides.
- Inside a moving vehicle: Stop the vehicle in a safe location, away from overpasses, bridges, and other hazards.
After Earthquakes (Additional Considerations)
- Avoid crossing bridges or overpasses until they are inspected for damage.
Seismology
- The study of earthquakes.
- Branch of earth science.
Seismologists
- Scientists who study earthquakes and their hazards.
Seismograph
- Instrument used to detect and record ground motion.
- Provides data for seismograms.
Seismograms
- Graphical output of the seismograph
- Records seismic waves caused by earthquakes.
Earthquake Magnitude
- Measures the energy released from the earthquake's source (hypocenter).
Richter Scale
- Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter.
- Measures the magnitude of an earthquake.
Foreshocks
- Tremors that occur before the main earthquake
- Can be a warning sign.
Aftershocks
- Weaker earthquakes that follow the main earthquake.
- Can cause further damage.
- Can occur for days, weeks, or even months after the main earthquake.
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground Shaking: Movement and vibration of the ground surface.
- Ground Rupture: Breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface.
Before an Earthquake
- Familiarization with local earthquake hazards is vital.
- Prepare emergency kits and create evacuation plans.
During an Earthquake
- Follow the "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" safety protocol:
- Drop to the ground.
- Cover your head and neck with your arms.
- Hold on to a sturdy object until the shaking stops.
After an Earthquake
- Check for injuries and provide first aid if necessary.
- Evacuate immediately to a safe location if possible.
- Stay informed about aftershocks and potential tsunami warnings.
- Be prepared to respond to potential damage and infrastructure disruptions.
Earthquake Safety Tips:
- If outside: Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, power lines, or other hazards.
- If near a shore: Move to higher ground immediately to avoid tsunami risks.
- If inside a moving vehicle: Stop in a safe, open area, away from trees, power lines, and overpasses.
- Never cross bridges or overpasses after an earthquake.
- Monitor emergency alerts and official channels for updates and safety guidance.
Volcano Related Hazards
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Eruption:
- Pyroclastic Flow: Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic debris.
- Ballistic Projectile: Rocks and other material ejected from a volcano.
- Volcanic Gas: Harmful gases released during eruption.
- Lava Flow: Molten rock that flows from a volcano.
Lahar
- A destructive mixture of volcanic material, water, and rock.
- Flows rapidly, reaching speeds of 10 meters per second.
- Carries fresh volcanic material like pyroclastic flow and tephra.
- Can be triggered by volcanic eruptions, rainfall, or thunderstorms.
- Composed of volcanic debris.
- Gravity propels Lahars downhill, impacting the surrounding environment.
Ashfall
- A grey, dusty layer of fine volcanic particles.
- Ashfall: Volcanic particles less than 2 millimeters in diameter.
- Tephra: General term encompassing all volcanic fragments.
- Forms when volcanic particles are ejected into the air and fall back down.
- Health risks: Ash can be toxic when inhaled and contaminate water and soil.
- Biological hazards: Ash can cause skin problems and contaminate water supplies.
Volcano Related Hazards
- Eruption is the release of molten rock, ash, and gases from a volcano.
- Pyroclastic flow is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic debris.
- Ballistic projectiles are rocks and other debris that are ejected from a volcano during an eruption.
- Volcanic gas is released during eruptions and can be toxic to humans.
- Lava flow is a stream of molten rock that flows from a volcano.
Lahar
- Lahar is an Indonesian word for a mudflow of volcanic debris and water.
- Lahars are a significant hazard, traveling at speeds up to 10 meters per second.
- Lahars can be triggered by volcanic eruptions, rainfall, or thunderstorms.
- Lahars are composed of volcanic material and can transport toxic chemicals.
Lahar Hazard
- Lahars can bury entire houses and cause significant damage.
- It is extremely difficult to survive being submerged in a lahar.
- Lahars are a significant threat to people and infrastructure.
Ashfall
- Ashfall is the deposition of volcanic ash from the atmosphere.
- Ashfall consists of volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter.
- Tephra is a general term for any volcanic material ejected from a volcano.
- Ashfall can contaminate water and soil making it dangerous for human health.
- Ashfall can cause respiratory problems and skin irritation.
Pyroclastic Flows
- Pyroclastic flows are a type of pyroclastic density current made up of volcanic particles, hot gases, and ashes.
- Pyroclastic flows are dense and move slower than pyroclastic surges. They are bound to the ground.
- Pyroclastic surges are diluted and have greater mobility.
- Pyroclastic flows can be dangerous because they are hot and fast-moving.
- Ballistic projectiles are formed from a volcano's eruption and are partially molten lava fragments.
Volcanic Gases
- Volcanic eruptions release various gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen halides.
- Water vapor is colorless, odorless, and harmless.
- Carbon dioxide is colorless and odorless and can increase breathing difficulties.
- Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
- Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, offensive gas with a rotten egg smell that can affect the respiratory system and cause unconsciousness.
- Hydrogen halides, including hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen fluoride, are harmful to human beings.
Lava Flow
- Lava flows are streams of incandescent molten rock emitted from an eruptive vent.
- Lava flows are characterized by their bright red-orange appearance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on seismology and the science of earthquakes. This quiz covers key concepts such as seismographs, earthquake hazards, and the Richter scale. Perfect for those studying earth sciences or related fields!
