Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the Earth's crust broken into according to the Plate Tectonics Theory?
What is the Earth's crust broken into according to the Plate Tectonics Theory?
- Continents
- Fault lines
- Plates (correct)
- Mantles
Which of the following is directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Which of the following is directly above the focus of an earthquake?
- Fault
- Tsunami
- Epicenter (correct)
- Seismic waves
What type of rock primarily makes up the denser oceanic crust?
What type of rock primarily makes up the denser oceanic crust?
- Sandstone
- Basalt (correct)
- Granite
- Limestone
Which elements are found in the oceanic crust?
Which elements are found in the oceanic crust?
What is one effect of plate movement?
What is one effect of plate movement?
Which of the following is NOT a composition of continental crust?
Which of the following is NOT a composition of continental crust?
What is the continental crust composed of?
What is the continental crust composed of?
What is the Earth's crust primarily broken into?
What is the Earth's crust primarily broken into?
Which of the following is directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Which of the following is directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of plate movement?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of plate movement?
How many detectable earthquakes occur in the world each year?
How many detectable earthquakes occur in the world each year?
What instrument is used to detect earthquakes?
What instrument is used to detect earthquakes?
What is a tectonic plate generally composed of?
What is a tectonic plate generally composed of?
Which layer of the earth is the lithosphere?
Which layer of the earth is the lithosphere?
What percentage of Earth's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?
What percentage of Earth's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of continental crust?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of continental crust?
What causes the abundance of volcanoes and earthquakes along the Ring of Fire?
What causes the abundance of volcanoes and earthquakes along the Ring of Fire?
What is a seismogram?
What is a seismogram?
What elements are primarily found in the continental crust?
What elements are primarily found in the continental crust?
Where is the oceanic crust found?
Where is the oceanic crust found?
What primarily causes the formation of most mountain ranges?
What primarily causes the formation of most mountain ranges?
Which of the following types of seismic waves can travel through both liquids and solids?
Which of the following types of seismic waves can travel through both liquids and solids?
What is the main difference between body waves and surface waves?
What is the main difference between body waves and surface waves?
Which type of seismic wave cannot travel through liquids?
Which type of seismic wave cannot travel through liquids?
What type of motion characterizes Love waves?
What type of motion characterizes Love waves?
Which type of plate boundary is described as where plates move apart creating a zone of tension?
Which type of plate boundary is described as where plates move apart creating a zone of tension?
Which type of plate boundary is exemplified by the Pacific and Eurasian plates moving towards each other?
Which type of plate boundary is exemplified by the Pacific and Eurasian plates moving towards each other?
What is the best example of a transform fault?
What is the best example of a transform fault?
Which type of plate boundary does not involve plates moving apart or towards each other?
Which type of plate boundary does not involve plates moving apart or towards each other?
Which plates are involved in the San Andreas fault?
Which plates are involved in the San Andreas fault?
What type of boundary is the convergent plate boundary classified as?
What type of boundary is the convergent plate boundary classified as?
What is the depth of the Philippine Trench?
What is the depth of the Philippine Trench?
Which term refers to the movement of lithospheric plates?
Which term refers to the movement of lithospheric plates?
What natural disaster is referred to by the term 'Tsunami'?
What natural disaster is referred to by the term 'Tsunami'?
What type of geological feature is formed under oceanic-oceanic convergence?
What type of geological feature is formed under oceanic-oceanic convergence?
Which regions are part of the Eurasian Plate?
Which regions are part of the Eurasian Plate?
What geologic feature is formed at the deepest part of the ocean during the convergence of oceanic crust leading plates?
What geologic feature is formed at the deepest part of the ocean during the convergence of oceanic crust leading plates?
What natural disaster is often triggered by underwater earthquakes?
What natural disaster is often triggered by underwater earthquakes?
What forms when the leading edge of a subducted oceanic plate melts in the mantle?
What forms when the leading edge of a subducted oceanic plate melts in the mantle?
Which of the following archipelagos originated from oceanic-oceanic convergence?
Which of the following archipelagos originated from oceanic-oceanic convergence?
What is formed when two continental plates collide?
What is formed when two continental plates collide?
What geological feature forms when a spreading center develops within a continent?
What geological feature forms when a spreading center develops within a continent?
What is the typical spreading rate at oceanic ridges?
What is the typical spreading rate at oceanic ridges?
What happens at divergent plate boundaries?
What happens at divergent plate boundaries?
Which feature is an example of a spreading center?
Which feature is an example of a spreading center?
What occurs as new materials from the mantle ooze up at divergent boundaries?
What occurs as new materials from the mantle ooze up at divergent boundaries?
What happens to a rift valley as the spreading continues?
What happens to a rift valley as the spreading continues?
What is commonly located at transform fault boundaries?
What is commonly located at transform fault boundaries?
Which fault is an example of a transform fault that cuts through continental crust?
Which fault is an example of a transform fault that cuts through continental crust?
Where are most transform faults located?
Where are most transform faults located?
What geological feature is an indication of diverging plates?
What geological feature is an indication of diverging plates?
Where is an example of volcanic activity occurring away from plate boundaries?
Where is an example of volcanic activity occurring away from plate boundaries?
Transform fault boundaries primarily join segments of which feature?
Transform fault boundaries primarily join segments of which feature?
Study Notes
Earthquakes
- There are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year, with 100,000 of those that can be felt and 100 that can cause damage.
- Earthquakes can be detected using a seismograph, which records the waves created by seismic activity.
- A seismogram is a record made by a seismograph.
Volcanoes
- Volcanoes are openings in the earth's crust where lava, volcanic ash, and gases are ejected.
- The Ring of Fire, a path along the Pacific Ocean, is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
- 75 percent of Earth's volcanoes (more than 450 volcanoes) and 90 percent of Earth's earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.
Plate Tectonics
- The Earth's crust is broken into segments (plates) that move slowly but constantly.
- The continental crust is denser than the oceanic crust and is composed of iron, silicon, and magnesium.
- The continental crust is made up of basalt rock, while the oceanic crust is made up of granite rock.
Effects of Plate Movement
- Plate movement causes earthquakes, formation of volcanoes, and formation of mountains/mountain ranges.
Faults and Earthquakes
- A fault is a weak point in the tectonic plate where pressure within the crust is released.
- The focus is the location where the earthquake starts to happen.
- The epicenter is the point on the ground directly above the focus.
Types of Crust
Continental Crust
- Found under large land masses or continents.
- Older, thicker, and less dense than the oceanic crust.
- Made up of granite rock.
Oceanic Crust
- Found under the oceans.
- Younger, thinner, and denser than the continental crust.
- Made up of basalt rock.
Plate Boundaries
- There are 3 distinct types of plate boundaries, differentiated by the type of movement they exhibit:
- Divergent boundaries: Where plates move apart, creating a zone of tension.
- Convergent plate boundaries: Where plates slide or grind past each other, without diverging or converging.
- Transform fault boundaries: Where plates slide or grind past each other, without diverging or converging.
Seismic Waves
- Seismic waves are waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
- There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves.
Body Waves
- Primary waves (P waves) travel almost twice as fast and can travel through liquids and solids.
- Secondary waves (S waves) are slower and cannot travel through liquids.
Surface Waves
- Love waves are horizontal transverse (S-waves).
- Rayleigh waves are rolling waves.
Mountain Ranges and Seismic Waves
- Mountain ranges are formed by a variety of geological processes, but most are the result of plate tectonics.
Convergence of Plates
- Convergence of oceanic crust leading plate and continental crust leading plate:
- Forms a trench, also called a submarine valley.
- The leading edge of the subducted plate reaches the mantle and melts, producing a volcanic island.
- The Philippines Archipelago originated from oceanic-oceanic convergence.
Convergence of Oceanic Plates
- The collision of oceanic plates causes trenches and earthquakes.
Convergence of Continental Plates
- When two continental plates collide, a collision zone is formed.
Divergence of Plates
- Formation of rift valleys and oceanic ridges indicate that the crust is spreading or splitting apart.
- As the plates separate, new materials from the mantle ooze up to fill the gap.
- The spreading rate at these ridges may vary from 2 to 20 cm per year.
Transform Plate Boundaries
- Most transform plate boundaries are situated along the mid-ocean ridges.
- The San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform fault boundary that cuts through the continental crust.
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Description
Test your knowledge about earthquakes, seismographs, volcanoes, and the Ring of Fire!
